3,193 research outputs found
Metastable Cosmic Strings in Realistic Models
We investigate the stability of the electroweak Z-string at high
temperatures. Our results show that while finite temperature corrections can
improve the stability of the Z-string, their effect is not strong enough to
stabilize the Z-string in the standard electroweak model. Consequently, the
Z-string will be unstable even under the conditions present during the
electroweak phase transition. We then consider phenomenologically viable models
based on the gauge group and show
that metastable strings exist and are stable to small perturbations for a large
region of the parameter space for these models. We also show that these strings
are superconducting with bosonic charge carriers. The string superconductivity
may be able to stabilize segments and loops against dynamical contraction.
Possible implications of these strings for cosmology are discussed.Comment: 24 pages, 2 figures (available on request); HUTP-92/A032,
Fermilab-Pub-92/228-
Inflaton Decay in an Alpha Vacuum
We study the alpha vacua of de Sitter space by considering the decay rate of
the inflaton field coupled to a scalar field placed in an alpha vacuum. We find
an {\em alpha dependent} Bose enhancement relative to the Bunch-Davies vacuum
and, surprisingly, no non-renormalizable divergences. We also consider a
modified alpha dependent time ordering prescription for the Feynman propagator
and show that it leads to an alpha independent result. This result suggests
that it may be possible to calculate in any alpha vacuum if we employ the
appropriate causality preserving prescription.Comment: 16 pages, 1 figure, Revtex 4 preprin
Determining Profitable Annual Forage Rotations
Producers are interested in growing forages, yet the southwest region of Kansas lacks proven recommended crop rotations such as those for grain crops. Forage production is important to the region’s livestock and dairy industries and is becoming increasingly important as irrigation well capacity declines. Forages require less water than grain crops and may allow for increased cropping intensity and opportunistic cropping. A study was initiated in 2013 comparing several 1-, 3-, and 4-year forage rotations with no-till and minimum-till (min-till). Data presented are from 2013 through 2014. Winter triticale yields were not affected by tillage in 2013 but were increased by tillage in 2014. Double-crop forage sorghum yielded 30% of full-season forage sorghum in 2013, which was a drought year, but across years yielded 70% of full-season sorghum. Oats failed to make a crop during the drought year and do not appear to be as drought tolerant as spring triticale or forage sorghum. Subsequent years will be used to compare forage rotations and profitability
Fallow Replacement Crop (Cover Crops, Annual Forages, and Short-Season Grain Crops) Effects on Wheat and Grain Sorghum Yields
Producers are interested in growing cover crops and reducing fallow. Growing a crop during the fallow period would increase profitability if crop benefits exceeded expenses. Benefits of growing a cover crop were shown in high rainfall areas, but limited information is available on growing cover crops in place of fallow in the semiarid Great Plains. A study was done from 2007–2016 that evaluated cover crops, annual forages, and short season grain crops grown in place of fallow. In the first experiment (2007-2012) the rotation was no-till wheat-fallow, and in the second experiment (2012-2016) the rotation was no-till wheat-grain sorghum-fallow. This report presents results from the second experiment. The previous crop affected wheat yield; however, growing a previous crop as hay or cover did not affect wheat yield. Wheat yield following the previous crop was dependent on precipitation during fallow and the growing season. In dry years (2011-2014), growing a crop during the fallow period reduced wheat yields, while growing a crop during the fallow period had little impact on wheat yield in wet years (2008-2010). The length of the fallow period also affected yields of the following wheat crop. Growing a cover or hay crop until June 1 affected wheat less than if a winter or spring crop were grown for grain, which was approximately the first week of July. Cover crops did not improve wheat or grain sorghum yields compared to fallow. To be successful, the benefits of growing a cover crop during the fallow period must be greater than the expense of growing it; plus compensate for any negative yield impacts on the subsequent crop. Cover crops always resulted in less profit than fallow, while annual forages often increased profit compared to fallow. The negative effects on wheat yields might be minimized with flex-fallow, which is the concept of only growing a crop in place of fallow in years when soil moisture at planting and precipitation outlook are favorable at the time of making the decision to plant
2015 Kansas Winter Annual Forage Variety Trial
A total of 16 winter annual forage varieties were tested for performance near Garden City, KS, at the Southwest Research-Extension Center in 2014-2015. Winter crops evaluated included wheat, triticale, and cereal rye
Integrated Grain and Forage Rotations
Producers are interested in growing forages in rotation with grain crops. Many producers are interested in diversifying their operations to include livestock or grow feed for the livestock industry. By integrating forages into the cropping system, producers can take advantage of more markets and reduce market risk. Forages require less water to make a crop than grain crops, so the potential may exist to reduce fallow by including forages in the crop rotation. Reducing fallow through intensified grain/forage rotations may increase the profitability and sustainability compared to existing crop rotations.
This study was started in 2013, with crops grown in-phase beginning in 2014. Grain crops were more sensitive to moisture stress than forage crops. Growing a double-crop forage sorghum after wheat reduced grain sorghum yield the second year, but never reduced second-year forage sorghum yield in the years of this study. As long as double-crop forage sorghum is profitable, it appears the cropping system can be intensified by growing second year forage sorghum. Caution should be used when planting double-crop forage sorghum by evaluating soil moisture condition and precipitation outlook, since other research has found cropping intensity should be reduced in dry years. The “flex-fallow” concept could be used to make a decision on whether or not to plant double-crop forage sorghum to increase the chance of success. Of important note, this research showed forages are more tolerant to moisture stress than grain crops and the potential exists to increase cropping intensity by integrating forages into the rotation
Determining Profitable Annual Forage Rotations
Producers are interested in growing annual forages, yet the region lacks proven recommended crop rotations such as those for grain crops. Forage production is important to the region’s livestock and dairy industries and is becoming increasingly important as irrigation well capacity declines. Forages require less water than grain crops and may allow for increased cropping intensity and opportunistic cropping. A study was initiated in 2013 comparing several 1-, 3-, and 4-year forage rotations with no-till and minimum-till (min-till). Data presented are from 2013 through 2015. Winter triticale yields were increased by tillage. Double-crop forage sorghum yielded 23% less than full-season forage sorghum across years. Oats failed to make a crop in 2013 and do not appear to be as drought tolerant as spring triticale or forage sorghum. Subsequent years will be used to compare forage rotations and profitability
Herbicide Evaluation for Control of Kochia and Palmer Amaranth in Teff Grass
Eleven postemergence herbicide treatments were applied to teff grown for forage to evaluate Palmer amaranth and kochia control, as well as crop tolerance. Effective Palmer amaranth control was achieved with all herbicide treatments, while less than satisfactory kochia control was obtained with atrazine and Harmony. Clarity, 2,4-D, and Huskie applied alone appeared to control kochia, but kochia density was low in the plots. Had the kochia population been higher, similar efficacy ratings may have been attained. Huskie or atrazine caused the most injury to teff. The first harvest suggests these herbicides reduced forage yield to less than 3,000 lb/a
Re-entrant ferroelectricity in liquid crystals
The ferroelectric (Sm C) -- antiferroelectric (Sm C) -- reentrant
ferroelectric (re Sm C) phase temperature sequence was observed for system
with competing synclinic - anticlinic interactions. The basic properties of
this system are as follows (1) the Sm C phase is metastable in temperature
range of the Sm C stability (2) the double inversions of the helix
handedness at Sm C -- Sm C and Sm C% -- re-Sm C phase
transitions were found (3) the threshold electric field that is necessary to
induce synclinic ordering in the Sm C phase decreases near both Sm
C -- Sm C and Sm C -- re-Sm C phase boundaries, and it has
maximum in the middle of the Sm C stability region. All these properties
are properly described by simple Landau model that accounts for nearest
neighboring layer steric interactions and quadrupolar ordering only.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures, submitted to PR
Detection and Interpretation Of Long-Lived X-Ray Quasi-Periodic Pulsations in the X-Class Solar Flare On 2013 May 14
Quasi-periodic pulsations (QPP) seen in the time derivative of the GOES soft
X-ray light curves are analyzed for the near-limb X3.2 event on 14 May 2013.
The pulsations are apparent for a total of at least two hours from the
impulsive phase to well into the decay phase, with a total of 163 distinct
pulses evident to the naked eye. A wavelet analysis shows that the
characteristic time scale of these pulsations increases systematically from
25 s at 01:10 UT, the time of the GOES peak, to 100 s at 02:00 UT.
A second ridge in the wavelet power spectrum, most likely associated with
flaring emission from a different active region, shows an increase from
40 s at 01:40 UT to 100 s at 03:10 UT. We assume that the QPP that
produced the first ridge result from vertical kink-mode oscillations of the
newly formed loops following magnetic reconnection in the coronal current
sheet. This allows us to estimate the magnetic field strength as a function of
altitude given the density, loop length, and QPP time scale as functions of
time determined from the GOES light curves and RHESSI images. The calculated
magnetic field strength of the newly formed loops ranges from about 500 G
at an altitude of 24 Mm to a low value of 10 G at 60 Mm, in general
agreement with the expected values at these altitudes. Fast sausage mode
oscillations are also discussed and cannot be ruled out as an alternate
mechanism for producing the QPP
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