Treaty Self-Execution as “Foreign” Foreign Relations Law?

This contribution to the Oxford Handbook on Comparative Foreign Relations considers how a state’s approach to foreign relations problems may have an external origin, or what we call “foreign” Foreign Relations Law (FFRL). Using the distinction between self-executing and non-self-executing treaties as a case study, we find close parallels between manifestations of this distinction in various states and how it evolved in the United States, where the distinction was first articulated. The chapter explores whether these parallels reflect the distinction’s transplantation from one legal system to another or the organic development of similar doctrines to address similar problems within the states involved. The chapter then addresses the utility of differentiating the exogenous/endogenous origins of particular foreign relations doctrines. We argue that consideration of a doctrine’s exogenous origins raises questions that can deepen and develop the nascent field of comparative foreign relations law. Why do states accept (or reject) FFRL? How does FFRL enter a state’s system? Who is doing the transporting? What happens to FFRL in its new site(s) – i.e., how static or dynamic does the concept prove in different settings? Further research on such questions may, in turn, set the table for more normative questions such as when states should seek (or resist) the importation of foreign relations law

Liquid immersion apparatus for minute articles

Apparatus is disclosed for immersing minute integrated circuit chips in an etching solution in manufacturing integrated circuits during research and development. The apparatus includes a holder, having a handle and basket support for carrying a removable unitary basket and lid structure where fluid flow-through passages are formed, and wherein graduated openings in the handle provide for adjustably supporting the basket in a breaker at a desired level

Method of construction of a multi-cell solar array

The method of constructing a high voltage, low power, multicell solar array is described. A solar cell base region is formed in a substrate such as but not limited to silicon or sapphire. A protective coating is applied on the base and a patterned etching of the coating and base forms discrete base regions. A semiconductive junction and upper active region are formed in each base region, and defined by photolithography. Thus, discrete cells which are interconnected by metallic electrodes are formed

Isolation

My work investigates a lifelong passion for buildings, homes, and architecture. Buildings are more then shelters made of wood and screws; I personify them as if they were living breathing creatures. I’m particularly drawn to rundown and abandoned structures because I empathize with these sad looking buildings that were once majestic. This personal connection exists because I view them as versions of my former self, rough around the edges with a promising interior. Expanding beyond vacant and decaying buildings, I portray my experiences within fabricated architectural systems. I communicate with building materials and architecture through their many layers of physical and socially constructed histories. Drawing from my memories and feelings surrounding my brother’s death and subsequent drug addiction, I’ve focused on the emotions of abandonment, isolation, absence, and loneliness

An Intersubjective Treaty Power

This Article explores whether the Constitution limits the making and implementation of U.S. treaties to subjects of “international” intercourse or concern. It does so in two steps. First, I undertake the existential inquiry, asking if the Constitution requires a nexus between treaties and “international” subject matters. I argue that Justices Alito, Scalia, and Thomas are correct—and the Restatement (Third) is wrong—on the question of whether the Constitution imposes an affirmative subject matter limitation on the treaty power. Various modalities of constitutional interpretation—original meaning, historical practice, doctrine, structure, and prudence—offer evidence in support of some version of an “international concern” test. And this claim holds whether one endorses or rejects the claim that federalism requires reserved powers’ limitations on the treaty power or treaty-implementing legislation

An Intersubjective Treaty Power

This Article explores whether the Constitution limits the making and implementation of U.S. treaties to subjects of “international” intercourse or concern. It does so in two steps. First, I undertake the existential inquiry, asking if the Constitution requires a nexus between treaties and “international” subject matters. I argue that Justices Alito, Scalia, and Thomas are correct—and the Restatement (Third) is wrong—on the question of whether the Constitution imposes an affirmative subject matter limitation on the treaty power. Various modalities of constitutional interpretation—original meaning, historical practice, doctrine, structure, and prudence—offer evidence in support of some version of an “international concern” test. And this claim holds whether one endorses or rejects the claim that federalism requires reserved powers’ limitations on the treaty power or treaty-implementing legislation

Elusive Foreign Compact, The

Missouri v. Holland marks one of the great rivalries of foreign affairs law, with Missouri and the federal government squaring off over states\u27 rights limitations on the federal government\u27s treaty-making power.\u27 But the rivalry did not end with that case. Recently, Missouri and the federal government opened a new chapter in their feud over state and federal powers in foreign affairs. This time, however, the constitutional challenge involved an international agreement made by Missouri, not the federal governmen

SANTA FE, NEW MEXICO\u27S LIVING WAGE ORDINANCE AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES OF WORKERS IN LOW-WAGE OCCUPATIONS\u27

In June of 2004 the City of Santa Fe enacted a living wage ordinance requiring an $8.50 minimum wage, the largest increase of a universal coverage municipal wage floor over its previous prevailing minimum of any municipal living wage law preceding it. Using occupational employment and wage estimates from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment Statistics program, this paper analyzes the impact of Santa Fe\u27s living wage on workers in low-wage occupations. Our estimates compare labor market outcomes for low-wage workers in Santa Fe and Albuquerque and show low-wage workers in Santa Fe experienced substantial hourly wage increases, and no discernible employment loss