Anthropometric, Dietary, and Psychosocial Characteristics of Under-Reporters of Energy: a Study among Middle-Class, African American Women

Background: Studies focusing on energy under-reporting in African-American women are limited. Under-reporting varies by study, depending on the population and definition of under-reporting. The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of under-reporting and the anthropometric, dietary and psychosocial characteristics of under-reporters in middle-class African American women. Methods: Physical activity level (PAL) was measured over a 7-day period by accelerometer and subjects were assigned 1 of 3 PAL values from the Institute of Medicine (IOM). Energy intake (EI) was determined by three 24-hour recalls using a multiple pass approach. Predicted energy requirement (pER) was derived from the DRI equation from the IOM. Using the Goldberg equation, a %EI/pER outside the ±1 SD range was considered a non-plausible intake. In this study, under-reporters were those with an EI £78% of the pER. Information on subjects’ demographic, dieting, dietary, anthropometric and psychosocial characteristics was also assessed. Results: Participants (n=53) were middle age (mean=59;range 21-76 years), obese (55% with BMI\u3e30 kg/m2) women with low physical activity (80%, n=45). Seventy-four percent (n=39) were classified as energy under-reporters. Under-reporters did not under-report food items consistently with significantly greater reported percentage of protein calories, and a significantly greater score on discretionary fat and lower sodium and grain scores using the Dietary Quality Index Revised (DQI-R). In multivariate analysis, only restrictive eating practices independently predicted energy under-reporting, explaining 13% of the variance in EI/pER. Conclusion: This study indicates that there was under-reporting of unhealthy foods and restrictive feeding behaviors predicted energy under-reporting in middle-class African-American women

A review of tumor-specific fluorescence-guided surgery for colorectal cancer

The present study reviews the use of tumor-specific antibodies conjugated to fluorescent dyes in preclinical and clinical studies to enhance visualization of primary tumors and metastases for fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) in colorectal cancer (CRC). A search strategy was developed using the peer-reviewed National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database on PubMed. Studies using tumor-specific fluorescence imaging and FGS techniques on murine models of colorectal cell lines or patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) colorectal cancer are reviewed. A total of 24 articles were identified that met the inclusion criteria, 21 preclinical and 3 clinical trials. The most widely used target antigen in preclinical and clinical trials was carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Mouse studies and clinical studies have demonstrated that the use of FGS in CRC can aid in decreased residual tumor and decreased rates of recurrence. As the mainstay of colorectal cancer treatment is surgery, the addition of intraoperative fluorescence imaging can help locate tumor margins, visualize occult micro-metastases, drive surgical decision making and improve patient outcomes