MEASUREMENTS OF RADIATION INTENSITIES IN VERTICAL CONCRETE-LINED HOLES AND AN ADJOINING TUNNEL AT THE TOWER SHIELDING FACILITY

Fast neutron and gamma-dose rates within 4-ft-dia., 20-ft-deep, concrete- lined holes were measured at the Tower Shielding Facility. The radiation source was the Tower Shielding Reactor II (TSR-II) enclosed in a shield that modified the neutron to gamma ratio of the reactor leakage spectrum to more closely resemble that of a weapon spectrum. The holes were located at horizontal distances of 100, 228, and 450 ft from the reactor. From the hole at 100 ft extended a reinforced concrete-lined tunnel, 6 ft high, 21/2 ft wide, and 20 ft long, with its ceiling 10 ft below ground level. The experimental measurements consisted of vertical traverses in the three holes and horizontal traverses in the tunnel. The parameters varied included distance from the reactor, the angle of elevation of the reactor with respect to the horizontal at the hole, and the material and thickness of the shield over the hole. Reactor elevation angles ranged from 15 to 90 deg . The shields over the holes were concrete, iron, and laminated iron and concrete slabs. (auth

Autoantibodies against type I IFNs in patients with life-threatening COVID-19

Interindividual clinical variability in the course of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is vast. We report that at least 101 of 987 patients with life-threatening coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia had neutralizing immunoglobulin G (IgG) autoantibodies (auto-Abs) against interferon-w (IFN-w) (13 patients), against the 13 types of IFN-a (36), or against both (52) at the onset of critical disease; a few also had auto-Abs against the other three type I IFNs. The auto-Abs neutralize the ability of the corresponding type I IFNs to block SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. These auto-Abs were not found in 663 individuals with asymptomatic or mild SARS-CoV-2 infection and were present in only 4 of 1227 healthy individuals. Patients with auto-Abs were aged 25 to 87 years and 95 of the 101 were men. A B cell autoimmune phenocopy of inborn errors of type I IFN immunity accounts for life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia in at least 2.6% of women and 12.5% of men

Understanding Pure Character-Based Neural Machine Translation: The Case of Translating Finnish into English

An ultra-low-power monolithic amplifier using 50-nm gate-length GaAs metamorphic high-electron-mobility transistor (MHEMT) has been designed and fabricated by a coplanar waveguide monolithic microwave integrated circuit process