Seletividade de herbicidas à cultura da erva-mate.

A erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) é uma espécie florestal arbórea nativa da América do Sul. Dentre os fatores que afetam o desenvolvimento das plantas, a interferência por plantas daninhas é um dos mais importantes. Nesse sentido o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a seletividade de herbicidas em plantas de erva-mate de um e dois anos de idade. O experimento foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação, com delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com arranjo fatorial 2 x 18, com quatro repetições. O fator A foi composto por plantas de erva-mate com 1 e 2 anos de idade, enquanto o fator B era composto por testemunha; clethodim+haloxifop (72+36); imazethapyr (100); chlorimuron (17,5); metsulfuron (6); nicosulfuron (45); nicosulfuron safener (60); diclosulam (25,2); atrazine+s-metalochlor (1295+805); bentazone (720); diquat (400); saflufenacil (24,5); fomesafen (250); oxyfluorfen (720); glyphosate (1440); glufosinate (420); florpyrauxifen (15,93); e fluroxypyr (149,8 g de i.a. ou e.a. ha-1). Foram avaliadas as variáveis fitotoxicidade e altura de plantas. Para a variável altura de plantas os tratamentos não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa. As plantas de 1 ano apresentaram menores níveis de fitotoxicidade quando comparadas às plantas de 2 anos (exceto para glufosinate). Os herbicidas clethodim + haloxifop, imazethapyr e diclosulam apresentaram baixa fitotoxicidade e são uma possibilidade para o uso em erva-mate. Em plantas de 1 ano, todos os inibidores da ALS testados apresentaram baixa fitotoxicidade

Qualidade da carne de suínos abatidos em frigoríficos brasileiros.

O termo qualidade é definido pela International Organization of Standardization (ISO) como: ?totalidade de aspectos e características de um produto que leve sua habilidade em satisfazer uma necessidade anunciada ou implícita??. Esta definição deixa evidente a relação existente entre a escolha e a satisfação, onde a primeira é a tentativa direta de alcance da segunda. A qualidade da carne suína engloba diferentes enfoques por parte das indústrias e dos consumidores. As indústrias utilizam como parâmetros a porcentagem de carne magra, rendimento de cortes, necessidade mínima de acabamento, aparência atrativa e alta estabilidade durante a estocagem a frio. Os consumidores, além do aspecto nutricional, percebem como relevantes os aspectos sensoriais, os quais são responsáveis pela continuidade da aquisição do produto.bitstream/item/135822/1/edit7889.pd

Avaliação do manejo pré-abate de suínos em frigoríficos brasileiros.

Os eventos que ocorrem nas 24 horas que antecedem o abate dos suínos promovem perdas quantitativas e qualitativas na produção animal. Os procedimentos de embarque, transporte, desembarque e período de descanso são fatores que podem promover estresse nos animais. Estes podem causar distúrbios na homeostase dos suínos, influenciando no bem-estar e nos aspectos qualitativos da carne. Para melhorar o bem-estar dos suínos e a qualidade do produto final, alguns pontos devem ser considerados no manejo pré-abate, tais como a forma como os suínos são manejados e as condições de transporte.bitstream/item/135821/1/edit7866.pd

Nobody Is Perfect: ERP Effects Prior to Performance Errors in Musicians Indicate Fast Monitoring Processes

Background: One central question in the context of motor control and action monitoring is at what point in time errors can be detected. Previous electrophysiological studies investigating this issue focused on brain potentials elicited after erroneous responses, mainly in simple speeded response tasks. In the present study, we investigated brain potentials before the commission of errors in a natural and complex situation. Methodology/Principal Findings: Expert pianists bimanually played scales and patterns while the electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were computed for correct and incorrect performances. Results revealed differences already 100 ms prior to the onset of a note (i.e., prior to auditory feedback). We further observed that erroneous keystrokes were delayed in time and pressed more slowly. Conclusions: Our data reveal neural mechanisms in musicians that are able to detect errors prior to the execution of erroneous movements. The underlying mechanism probably relies on predictive control processes that compare the predicted outcome of an action with the action goal

Optimization of Muscle Activity for Task-Level Goals Predicts Complex Changes in Limb Forces across Biomechanical Contexts

Optimality principles have been proposed as a general framework for understanding motor control in animals and humans largely based on their ability to predict general features movement in idealized motor tasks. However, generalizing these concepts past proof-of-principle to understand the neuromechanical transformation from task-level control to detailed execution-level muscle activity and forces during behaviorally-relevant motor tasks has proved difficult. In an unrestrained balance task in cats, we demonstrate that achieving task-level constraints center of mass forces and moments while minimizing control effort predicts detailed patterns of muscle activity and ground reaction forces in an anatomically-realistic musculoskeletal model. Whereas optimization is typically used to resolve redundancy at a single level of the motor hierarchy, we simultaneously resolved redundancy across both muscles and limbs and directly compared predictions to experimental measures across multiple perturbation directions that elicit different intra- and interlimb coordination patterns. Further, although some candidate task-level variables and cost functions generated indistinguishable predictions in a single biomechanical context, we identified a common optimization framework that could predict up to 48 experimental conditions per animal (n = 3) across both perturbation directions and different biomechanical contexts created by altering animals' postural configuration. Predictions were further improved by imposing experimentally-derived muscle synergy constraints, suggesting additional task variables or costs that may be relevant to the neural control of balance. These results suggested that reduced-dimension neural control mechanisms such as muscle synergies can achieve similar kinetics to the optimal solution, but with increased control effort (≈2×) compared to individual muscle control. Our results are consistent with the idea that hierarchical, task-level neural control mechanisms previously associated with voluntary tasks may also be used in automatic brainstem-mediated pathways for balance

Hyper-compressions: The rise of flash fiction in “post-transitional” South Africa

Blair, P. (2020). Hyper-compressions: The rise of flash fiction in “post-transitional” South Africa', The Journal of Commonwealth Literature, 55(1), 38-60. Copyright © 2018. Reprinted by permission of SAGE Publications.This article begins with a survey of flash fiction in “post-transitional” South Africa, which it relates to the nation’s post-apartheid canon of short stories and short-short stories, to the international rise of flash fiction and “sudden fiction”, and to the historical particularities of South Africa’s “post-transition”. It then undertakes close readings of three flash fictions republished in the article, each less than 450 words: Tony Eprile’s “The interpreter for the tribunal” (2007), which evokes the psychological and ethical complexities, and long-term ramifications, of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission; Michael Cawood Green’s “Music for a new society” (2008), a carjacking story that invokes discourses about violent crime and the “‘new’ South Africa”; and Stacy Hardy’s “Kisula” (2015), which maps the psychogeography of cross-racial sex and transnational identity-formation in an evolving urban environment. The article argues that these exemplary flashes are “hyper-compressions”, in that they compress and develop complex themes with a long literary history and a wide contemporary currency. It therefore contends that flash fiction of South Africa’s post-transition should be recognized as having literary-historical significance, not just as an inherently metonymic form that reflects, and alludes to, a broader literary culture, but as a genre in its own right