The Organizational Structure of the Securities Company Under the Law of Vietnam Current

Purpose: The article researches on the organizational structure of securities company under the Securities Law 2019 in order to point out some limitations and shortcomings and propose for recommendations to improve law about organizational structure on this form of company.   Theoretical framework: Recent literature points out that securities companies play very important role in the development of Vietnam's stock market. However, in the current stage of development, from the influence and impact of international integration and the increasingly fierce competitive pressure, the securities companies have encountered many difficulties to survive. In there, limits and problems in regulations about securities company organizational structures has caused many difficulties for these companies when organization and operation. On the other hand, in the context of judicial reform in Vietnam, the issue of complete law system and expanding the freedom to business has always been paid special attention by the Party and Vietnam State.   Design/methodology/approach: The authors have combined traditional research methods of legal science such as legal analysis method, legal efficiency assessment method and legal comparison method.   Findings: According to research, regulations on the organizational structure of a securities company are directly related to the efficiency of management and administration of this company. In there, Supervisory Board/Internal Audit Committee always ensuring to limit negative and fraudulent acts of the company’s leaders, to better ensure the legitimate rights and interests of the company's members and customers. Therefore, the authors have proposed several solutions such as the need to stipulate the mandatory requirement of a Supervisory Board for the securities trading company under the model of limited liability company, and expand and strengthen the powers of the Supervisory Board/Internal Audit Committee, independent members in securities companies doing business in the form of joint stock company. These are important bases to contribute to perfecting the Law on the organizational structure of securities companies in Vietnam and further enhancing the stability and safety of the Vietnamese stock market.   Research, Practical & Social implications: This research may support many develop future research in Vietnam. At the same time, the research to help foreign investors' activities in Vietnam's stock market.   Originality/value: The research of the freedom to business and organizational structure of securities companies become more and more urgent and very important in Vietnam

Social health insurance development to get universal health coverage in Vietnam: situation, challenges an recommendations

Universal health insurance is currently a risk-sharing solution that aims to provide healthcare coverage for all citizens of Vietnam. However, in the current context, health care costs are increasing, especially the cost of treating diseases. Universal health insurance is increasingly becoming an important support tool that helps to share the financial risks of people and protect their health. Therefore, the article studies the importance of universal health insurance in the social health care system in Vietnam, its direct impacts on patients, and the current situation, challenges, and some recommendations to improve the development of social health insurance towards the goal of universal health coverage in Vietnam

Shortcomings in the Legal System on Securities in Vietnam

Nowadays, Vietnam’s stock market has had rapid growth and attracted an increasing number of investors. However, among various factors that affect the investors’ participation, psychological ones play a crucial role. In more than 20 years of development, the legal system on securities in Vietnam has exposed several limitations and inadequacies that result in inefficient operation of the stock market and unsafely for domestic and foreign investors. Therefore, the article will study the shortcomings of the legal system on securities of Vietnam, from that propose some solutions to ensure the safety of investors in Vietnam’s stock market participation. To research the psychological factors of stock investment in Vietnam, the authors choose to combine the method of collecting and analyzing information (data). The main research method used in this article is collecting secondary data from the collected data. In general, the article uses the synthesis of data from many sources of information that the author team can obtain and always analyzes tests, compares, evaluates to identify the important problems for studying. In addition, in order to approach the research subjects, the article also uses a combination of popular research methods of economic fields such as statistical method, comparative method, economic efficiency analysis method and descriptive method for the purpose of analyzing, evaluating and forecasting the psychological factors of securities investment affecting Vietnam’s stock market. According to the results authors have given two main groups of solutions: Dealing with inaccurate information that affects the transparency of the stock market; and building and perfecting Vietnam's securities legal system

Genomic characterisation of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii in two intensive care units in Hanoi, Viet Nam: a prospective observational cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Viet Nam has high rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) but little capacity for genomic surveillance. This study used whole genome sequencing to examine the prevalence and transmission of three key AMR pathogens in two intensive care units (ICUs) in Hanoi, Viet Nam. METHODS: A prospective surveillance study of all adults admitted to ICUs at the National Hospital for Tropical Diseases and Bach Mai Hospital was done between June 19, 2017, and Jan 16, 2018. Clinical and environmental samples were cultured on selective media, characterised with MALDI TOF mass spectrometry, and sequenced with Illumina. Phylogenies based on the de-novo assemblies (SPAdes) were constructed with MAFFT (PARsnp), Gubbins, and RAxML. Resistance genes were detected with Abricate against the US National Center for Biotechnology Information database. FINDINGS: 3153 Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from 369 patients were analysed. Phylogenetic analysis revealed predominant lineages within A baumannii (global clone 2, sequence types ST2 and ST571) and K pneumoniae (ST15, ST16, ST656, ST11, and ST147) isolates. Isolation from stool was most common with E coli (87·0%) followed by K pneumoniae (62·5%). Of the E coli, 85·0% carried a blaCTX-M variant, while 81·8% of K pneumoniae isolates carried blaNDM (54·4%), or blaKPC (45·1%), or both. Transmission analysis with single nucleotide polymorphisms identified 167 clusters involving 251 (68%) of 369 patients, in some cases involving patients from both ICUs. There were no clear differences between the lineages or AMR genes recovered between the two ICUs. INTERPRETATION: This study represents the largest prospective surveillance study of key AMR pathogens in Vietnamese ICUs. Clusters of closely related isolates in patients across both ICUs suggests recent transmission before ICU admission in other health-care settings or in the community. FUNDING: UK Medical Research Council Newton Fund, Viet Nam Ministry of Science and Technology, Wellcome Trust, Academy of Medical Sciences, Health Foundation, and UK National Institute for Health and Care Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre.This work was funded by the Medical Research Council Newton Fund, United Kingdom; the Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam; and the Wellcome Trust, United Kingdom

Genomic characterisation of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii in two intensive care units in Hanoi, Viet Nam: a prospective observational cohort study

Background: Viet Nam has high rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) but little capacity for genomic surveillance. This study used whole genome sequencing to examine the prevalence and transmission of three key AMR pathogens in two intensive care units (ICUs) in Hanoi, Viet Nam. Methods: A prospective surveillance study of all adults admitted to ICUs at the National Hospital for Tropical Diseases and Bach Mai Hospital was done between June 19, 2017, and Jan 16, 2018. Clinical and environmental samples were cultured on selective media, characterised with MALDI TOF mass spectrometry, and sequenced with Illumina. Phylogenies based on the de-novo assemblies (SPAdes) were constructed with MAFFT (PARsnp), Gubbins, and RAxML. Resistance genes were detected with Abricate against the US National Center for Biotechnology Information database. Findings: 3153 Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from 369 patients were analysed. Phylogenetic analysis revealed predominant lineages within A baumannii (global clone 2, sequence types ST2 and ST571) and K pneumoniae (ST15, ST16, ST656, ST11, and ST147) isolates. Isolation from stool was most common with E coli (87·0%) followed by K pneumoniae (62·5%). Of the E coli, 85·0% carried a blaCTX-M variant, while 81·8% of K pneumoniae isolates carried blaNDM (54·4%), or blaKPC (45·1%), or both. Transmission analysis with single nucleotide polymorphisms identified 167 clusters involving 251 (68%) of 369 patients, in some cases involving patients from both ICUs. There were no clear differences between the lineages or AMR genes recovered between the two ICUs. Interpretation: This study represents the largest prospective surveillance study of key AMR pathogens in Vietnamese ICUs. Clusters of closely related isolates in patients across both ICUs suggests recent transmission before ICU admission in other health-care settings or in the community. Funding: UK Medical Research Council Newton Fund, Viet Nam Ministry of Science and Technology, Wellcome Trust, Academy of Medical Sciences, Health Foundation, and UK National Institute for Health and Care Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre.</p

Evidence of widespread endemic populations of highly multidrug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in hospital settings in Hanoi, Vietnam: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Patients with prolonged hospitalisation have a significant risk of carriage of and subsequent infection with extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing and carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. However, the distinctive roles of the community and hospital environments in the transmission of ESBL-producing or carbapenemase-producing K pneumoniae remain elusive. We aimed to investigate the prevalence and transmission of K pneumoniae within and between the two tertiary hospitals in Hanoi, Viet Nam, using whole-genome sequencing. METHODS: We did a prospective cohort study of 69 patients in intensive care units (ICUs) from two hospitals in Hanoi, Viet Nam. Patients were included if they were aged 18 years or older, admitted for longer than the mean length of stay in their ICU, and cultured K pneumoniae from their clinical samples. Longitudinally collected samples from patients (collected weekly) and the ICU environment (collected monthly) were cultured on selective media, and whole-genome sequences from K pneumoniae colonies analysed. We did phylogenetic analyses and correlated phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing with genotypic features of K pneumoniae isolates. We constructed transmission networks of patient samples, relating ICU admission times and locations with genetic similarity of infecting K pneumoniae. FINDINGS: Between June 1, 2017, and Jan 31, 2018, 69 patients were in the ICUs and eligible for inclusion, and a total of 357 K pneumoniae isolates were cultured and successfully sequenced. 228 (64%) of K pneumoniae isolates carried between two and four different ESBL-encoding and carbapenemase-encoding genes, with 164 (46%) isolates carrying genes encoding both, with high minimum inhibitory concentrations. We found a novel co-occurrence of blaKPC-2 and blaNDM-1 in 46·6% of samples from the globally successful ST15 lineage. Despite being physically and clinically separated, the two hospitals shared closely related strains carrying the same array of antimicrobial resistance genes. INTERPRETATION: These results highlight the high prevalence of ESBL-positive carbapenem-resistant K pneumoniae in ICUs in Viet Nam. Through studying K pneumoniae ST15 in detail, we showed how important resistance genes are contained within these strains that are carried broadly by patients entering the two hospitals directly or through referral. FUNDING: Medical Research Council Newton Fund, Ministry of Science and Technology, Wellcome Trust, Academy of Medical Sciences, Health Foundation, and National Institute for Health and Care Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre.This study was funded by Medical Research Council Newton Fund, United Kingdom (grant MR/N029399/1); Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam (grant HNQT/SPÐP/04.16); Wellcome Trust (grant 206194). MET is also supported by the Academy of Medical Sciences, the Health Foundation and the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre