Avancées technologiques dans le domaine des pixels planaires pour l'expérience ATLAS Phase 2

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will go through the accelerator complex upgrade during the LS3 long shutdown in 2023-2025 to move to the High Luminosity phase (HL-LHC). As a result, an instantaneous luminosity will increase sevenfold to 7.5×10³⁴ cm⁻²s⁻¹, corresponding to approximately 200 inelastic collisions per bunch-crossing, whereas the LHC runs resulted in up to 50 collisions per bunch-crossing. During the operation of the HL-LHC, in order to achieve high-precision in studies of Standard Model processes and searches for new physics, about 4000 fb⁻¹ of integrated luminosity be collected, which is of an order of magnitude larger than over the entire LHC period. The present ATLAS Inner Detector (ID) will not be able to efficiently cope with the increased event rate and radiation dose. Due to this fact the complete replacement of the ID is foreseen with fully silicon Inner Tracker (ITk) to provide high tracking performance in harsher environment delivered by the HL-LHC. This thesis is focused on the study of new n+-in-p planar silicon sensors, as a promising option to instrument the ITk pixel layers, considering their radiation hardness and cost-effectiveness. Sensors of different thicknesses ranging from 50 µm to 150 µm of active and slim edge designs have been tested at a high energy particle beam to investigate hit efficiency performance analyzed on the pixel active area and on the edge area before and after irradiation. The test beam results and their comparison for the different designs of the pixel sensors compatible with FE-I4 readout chip are discussed. Also, the first results on test beam characterization of the pixel modules employing a newly developed prototype of readout chip for the ITk, RD53A chip, implemented in 65 nm CMOS technology, were obtained. The sensors with the decreased to 25×100 µm² and 50×50 µm² pixel pitch to maintain the lower level of occupancy at high particle multiplicity were measured. Additionally, the tests of ring oscillators, contained in RD53A chip, which may be used as a monitor of the received radiation dose, were carried out depending on temperature, supplied voltage and irradiation level up to 500 MRad. Finally, the test bench setup for silicon pixel detectors characterization using an infra-red laser has been the subject of an original development in this thesis. The setup was developed in the clean room at Laboratoire de l'accélérateur linéaire (LAL) and it is capable of rapidly measuring the functional characteristics, providing a flexible charge injection with well-defined hit position to characterize the silicon pixel matrixes. The software to control the setup was created using LabVIEW programming environment. The results of the measurements with the FE-I4 module implemented with openings allowing the laser beam passage on a sensor backside are presented in this thesis.Le complexe d'accélérateurs du grand collisionneur de hadrons (le Large Hadron Collider - LHC) sera mis à jour lors du long arrêt de la période LS3 en 2023-2025 pour passer à la phase de haute luminosité (HL-LHC). La luminosité instantanée sera multipliée par 5 pour atteindre 7.5×10³⁴ cm⁻²s⁻¹, ce qui correspond à environ 200 collisions inélastiques par croisement de paquets comparé aux 50 par croisement au LHC. Pendant le fonctionnement du HL-LHC, afin d'atteindre une haute précision dans les études des processus physiques du modèle standard et les recherches de nouvelle physique, le collisionneur à protons devra fournir une luminosité intégrée de l’ordre 400 fb⁻¹ par an pendant une dizaine d’années soit 4000 fb⁻¹ escomptées. Ceci représente un ordre de grandeur supérieur à l'ensemble de la période du LHC. Le détecteur interne (Inner Detector) ATLAS actuel ne sera pas en mesure de faire face efficacement à l'augmentation du taux d'événements et de la dose de rayonnement. Afin d’obtenir des performances au minimum égales ou supérieures à celles de la phase LHC, et tenant compte d’un environnement plus hostile en termes de radiations et d’empilements d’évènements, il a été décidé d’opérer le remplacement complet du trajectomètre interne ou Inner Tracker (ITk); à cette fin, une technologie tout silicium a été choisie. Cette thèse est axée sur l'étude de nouveaux capteurs pixels planaires fins à bords très minces, basés sur le concept d’utilisation de matrices de diodes à implants dopés n sur un substrat dopé p. Ce choix est motivé par les critères de meilleure performance intrinsèque, de radio-tolérance élevée ainsi qu’un coût de production optimisé pour de grandes surfaces. Dans ce travail, des capteurs de différentes épaisseurs allant de 50 μm à 150 μm dotés de bords actifs et minces ont fait l’objet d’études approfondies notamment lors de leur fonctionnement à haut flux de particules chargées. De nombreuses analyses minutieuses ont été menées pour déterminer leur résolution en position à l’aide d’un télescope de faisceau de haute énergie. Les régions d’impacts sur la zone active des pixels ainsi que sur la région des contours ont été scrutées avant et après leur irradiation. En effet, de nombreux résultats obtenus en faisceau de protons et électrons seront montrés, notamment une étude comparative des différents concepts de matrices de capteurs de pixels planaires lus avec la puce de lecture « FE-I4 » en technologie CMOS 130 nm. Préparant la phase future du LHC, nous montrerons les premiers résultats obtenus avec la nouvelle génération de pixels granulaires. Ces matrices ont été couplées à la nouvelle puce de lecture frontale récemment développée au CERN, utilisant la technologie CMOS 65 nm. Ces capteurs dotés d’ une plus fine granularité de 50×50 μm² , ont un pas optimisé lequel est nécessaire pour maintenir un taux d'occupation aussi bas que possible dans un contexte de multiplicités de particules chargées très élevées. Dans ce travail, une contribution personnelle à l’électronique de lecture sera détaillée, en particulier les études ont été menées sur la puce nommée «Ring-Oscillator» ou moniteur de radiations, développée au laboratoire. On décrira son comportement dynamique en fonction de la température, de la tension nominale et en conditions hautement radiatives (500 MRad). La mise au point d’un nouvel outil de caractérisation de détecteurs pixels a fait l’objet d’un développement important. Grâce à un ensemble basé sur une excitation laser de 1060 nm, il sera possible de disposer d’un système précis et autonome capable de mesurer rapidement les caractéristiques fonctionnelles des matrices de pixels avec une excellente résolution spatiale. Les caractéristiques de cet outil feront l’objet d’une présentation exhaustive

Development of a compact test board for silicon sensors IV/CV characterization

To build silicon trackers of modern and future high-luminosity collider experiments, thousands of silicon strip modules have to be produced and tested. The modules in new trackers must reliably work usually during 5-10 years or more under harsh irradiation conditions, as it will be impossible to replace a failing module once installed inside the detector. It means that reliable and rigorous testing of strip modules and its components is mandatory. To sustain the production throughput we should be able to test several modules in parallel. For this reason a fast, reliable, scalable and cost effective production QC test bench has to be designed and implemented. For the CV and IV measurements of sensors and modules we are developing a low-cost (less than 500 ) integrated electronic board which will be scaled up to ten channels to measure DUTs in parallel. In the current work the design of the IV/CV board and the calibration procedure to increase the accuracy of the current and capacitance measurements, for which a special calibration dipole board based on tight tolerance capacitors and resistors has been designed, as well as future development plans are described.SCOPUS: cp.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Performance of n-on-p planar pixel sensors with active edges at high-luminosity environment

International audienceFuture high-energy physics experiments require highly segmented silicon sensors of increased geometrical efficiency with the ability to withstand extremely high radiation damage. The performance of planar n-on-p sensors with active edges is simulated at high radiation fluences up to 1 × 10$^{16}$ n$_{eq}$/cm$^{2}$, using a three-level trap model for p-type silicon material. Taking advantage of the secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) technique, an accurate representation of the structure was obtained in terms of doping profile. The breakdown voltage, leakage current, hole density and electric field distributions as well as the charge collection efficiency (CCE) are studied as a function of radiation fluence

Test beam performance of a CBC3-based mini-module for the Phase-2 CMS Outer Tracker before and after neutron irradiation

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN will undergo major upgrades to increase the instantaneous luminosity up to 5-7.5×1034 cm-2s-1. This High Luminosity upgrade of the LHC (HL-LHC) will deliver a total of 3000-4000 fb-1 of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13-14 TeV. To cope with these challenging environmental conditions, the strip tracker of the CMS experiment will be upgraded using modules with two closely-spaced silicon sensors to provide information to include tracking in the Level-1 trigger selection. This paper describes the performance, in a test beam experiment, of the first prototype module based on the final version of the CMS Binary Chip front-end ASIC before and after the module was irradiated with neutrons. Results demonstrate that the prototype module satisfies the requirements, providing efficient tracking information, after being irradiated with a total fluence comparable to the one expected through the lifetime of the experiment.0CMS Collaborationinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Evidence for four-top quark production in proton-proton collisions at s=13TeV

The production of four top quarks (tt¯tt¯) is studied with LHC proton-proton collision data samples collected by the CMS experiment at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, and corresponding to integrated luminosities of up to 138fb−1. Events that have no leptons (all-hadronic), one lepton, or two opposite-sign leptons (where lepton refers only to prompt electrons or prompt muons) are considered. This is the first tt¯tt¯ measurement that includes the all-hadronic final state. The observed significance of the tt¯tt¯ signal in these final states of 3.9 standard deviations (1.5 expected) provides evidence for tt¯tt¯ production, with a measured cross section of 36−11+12fb. Combined with earlier CMS results in other final states, the signal significance is 4.0 standard deviations (3.2 expected). The combination returns an observed cross section of 17±4(stat)±3(syst)fb, which is consistent with the standard model prediction.0info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Search for pair production of vector-like quarks in leptonic final states in proton-proton collisions at √s = 13 TeV

A search is presented for vector-like T and B quark-antiquark pairs produced in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. Data were collected by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC in 2016–2018, with an integrated luminosity of 138 fb−1. Events are separated into single-lepton, same-sign charge dilepton, and multi-lepton channels. In the analysis of the single-lepton channel a multilayer neural network and jet identification techniques are employed to select signal events, while the same-sign dilepton and multilepton channels rely on the high-energy signature of the signal to distinguish it from standard model backgrounds. The data are consistent with standard model background predictions, and the production of vector-like quark pairs is excluded at 95% confidence level for T quark masses up to 1.54 TeV and B quark masses up to 1.56 TeV, depending on the branching fractions assumed, with maximal sensitivity to decay modes that include multiple top quarks. The limits obtained in this search are the strongest limits to date for production, excluding masses below 1.48 TeV for all decays to third generation quarks, and are the strongest limits to date for production with B quark decays to tW.0CMS Collaborationinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Search for a heavy composite Majorana neutrino in events with dilepton signatures from proton-proton collisions at √s = 13 TeV

Results are presented of a search for a heavy Majorana neutrino [Formula presented] decaying into two same-flavor leptons ℓ (electrons or muons) and a quark-pair jet. A model is considered in which the [Formula presented] is an excited neutrino in a compositeness scenario. The analysis is performed using a sample of proton-proton collisions at s=13TeV recorded by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138fb−1. The data are found to be in agreement with the standard model prediction. For the process in which the [Formula presented] is produced in association with a lepton, followed by the decay of the [Formula presented] to a same-flavor lepton and a quark pair, an upper limit at 95% confidence level on the product of the cross section and branching fraction is obtained as a function of the [Formula presented] mass [Formula presented] and the compositeness scale Λ. For this model the data exclude the existence of [Formula presented] ([Formula presented]) for [Formula presented] below 6.0 (6.1) TeV, at the limit where [Formula presented] is equal to Λ. For [Formula presented], values of Λ less than 20 (23) TeV are excluded. These results represent a considerable improvement in sensitivity, covering a larger parameter space than previous searches in [Formula presented] collisions at 13 TeV.0CMS Collaborationinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Measurement of the tt charge asymmetry in events with highly Lorentz-boosted top quarks in pp collisions at √s = 13 TeV

The measurement of the charge asymmetry in top quark pair events with highly Lorentz-boosted top quarks decaying to a single lepton and jets is presented. The analysis is performed using proton-proton collisions at with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 .The selection is optimized for top quarks produced with large Lorentz boosts, resulting in nonisolated leptons and overlapping jets. The top quark charge asymmetry is measured for events with a invariant mass larger than 750 GeV and corrected for detector and acceptance effects using a binned maximum likelihood fit. The measured top quark charge asymmetry of is in good agreement with the standard model prediction at next-to-next-to-leading order in quantum chromodynamic perturbation theory with next-to-leading-order electroweak corrections. The result is also presented for two invariant mass ranges, 750–900 and .0CMS Collaborationinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Search for medium effects using jets from bottom quarks in PbPb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV

The first study of the shapes of jets arising from bottom (b) quarks in heavy ion collisions is presented. Jet shapes are studied using charged hadron constituents as a function of their radial distance from the jet axis. Lead-lead (PbPb) collision data at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of sNN=5.02TeV were recorded by the CMS detector at the LHC, with an integrated luminosity of 1.69nb−1. Compared to proton-proton collisions, a redistribution of the energy in b jets to larger distances from the jet axis is observed in PbPb collisions. This medium-induced redistribution is found to be substantially larger for b jets than for inclusive jets.0CMS Collaborationinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Measurement of the Higgs boson inclusive and differential fiducial production cross sections in the diphoton decay channel with pp collisions at √s = 13 TeV

The measurements of the inclusive and differential fiducial cross sections of the Higgs boson decaying to a pair of photons are presented. The analysis is performed using proton-proton collisions data recorded with the CMS detector at the LHC at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb−1. The inclusive fiducial cross section is measured to be fb, in agreement with the standard model expectation of 75.4 ± 4.1 fb. The measurements are also performed in fiducial regions targeting different production modes and as function of several observables describing the diphoton system, the number of additional jets present in the event, and other kinematic observables. Two double differential measurements are performed. No significant deviations from the standard model expectations are observed.0CMS Collaborationinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe