Passive solar-energy air-heating wall panels

The development of products which enable passive solar-energy air-heating to be integrated into the heating strategies of public, commercial and industrial buildings is described. These buildings are, in general, only occupied significantly during the day; consequently the bulk of heating demand coincides with the period of solar gain. In these circumstances collected solar heat should be delivered with the minimum of delay. The design and operation of units which are capable of supplying solar heated air in this manner is outlined. These are passive, naturalcirculation air-heating collectors, also known as natural-convection air-heaters, or thermosyphoning air panels. Four methods of retrofitting such solar collectors to non-domestic buildings have been identified, one of which, the overcladding collector, has not been proposed previously. Problems associated with the successful installation and operation of these units have also been considered. The relative merits of a number of methods of testing passive solarenergy air-heating collectors have been investigated. A method of determining instantaneous collector efficiency based on the measurement of glazing temperature, inlet and outlet air temperature, ambient temperature and insolation has been developed. Three novel design proposals have been presented: i) a collector constructed with the insulation fitted outside, rather than inside, so that the metal body of the collector may provide more symmetrical heating of the air flow than the conventional arrangement, ii) an absorber which consisted of parallel ducts to increase the rate of heat transfer to the air, heating it symmetrically, (iii) a hinged air-deflector for conversion from the heating to the ventilation mode

Correlating Pressure‐Induced Emission Modulation with Linker Rotation in a Photoluminescent MOF

Conformational changes of linker units in metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) are often responsible for gate‐opening phenomena in selective gas adsorption and stimuli‐responsive optical and electrical sensing behaviour. Herein, we show that pressure‐induced bathochromic shifts in both fluorescence emission and UV‐Vis absorption spectra of a two‐fold interpenetrated Hf MOF, linked by 1,4‐phenylene‐bis(4‐ethynylbenzoate) ligands ( Hf‐peb ), are induced by rotation of the central phenyl ring of the linker, from a coplanar arrangement to a twisted, previously unseen conformer. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, alongside in situ fluorescence and UV‐Vis absorption spectroscopies, measured up to 2.1 GPa in a diamond anvil cell on single crystals, are in excellent agreement, correlating linker rotation with modulation of emission. Topologically isolating the 1,4‐phenylene‐bis(4‐ethynylbenzoate) units within a MOF facilitates concurrent structural and spectroscopic study in the absence of intermolecular perturbation, allowing characterisation of the luminescence properties of a high‐energy, twisted conformation of the previously well‐studied chromophore. We expect the unique environment provided by network solids, and the capability of combining crystallographic and spectroscopic analysis, will greatly enhance understanding of luminescent molecules and lead to the development of novel sensors and adsorbents

Tuning the Swing Effect by Chemical Functionalization of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks

Many zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) are promising candidates for use in separation technologies. Comprising large cavities interconnected by small windows they can be used, at least in principle, as molecular sieves where molecules smaller than the window size are able to diffuse into the material while larger molecules are rejected. However, "swing effect" or "gate opening" phenomena resulting in an enlargement of the windows have proven to be detrimental. Here, we present the first systematic experimental and computational study of the effect of chemical functionalization of the imidazole linker on the framework dynamics. Using high-pressure (HP) single-crystal X-ray diffraction, density functional theory, and grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations, we show that in the isostructural ZIF-8, ZIF-90, and ZIF-65 functional groups of increasing polarity (-CH 3, -CHO, and -NO 2) on the imidazole linkers provide control over the degree of rotation and thus the critical window diameter. On application of pressure, the substituted imidazolate rings rotate, resulting in an increase in both pore volume and content. Our results show that the interplay between the guest molecules and the chemical function of the imidazole linker is essential for directing the swing effect in ZIF frameworks and therefore the adsorption performance. </p

Hidden negative linear compressibility in lithium L-tartrate†

Development of artificial muscles, next-generation pressure sensors and precision optics relies on advances in materials with anomalous mechanical properties. Negative linear compressibility, NLC, is one such rare, counterintuitive phenomenon, in which a material expands along one axis under hydrostatic pressure. Both classical and recent NLC materials face a pay-off between the active pressure range and magnitude of NLC, and in the vast majority of cases the NLC effect decreases with pressure. By decoupling the mechanical behaviour of building units for the first time in a winerack framework containing two different strut types, we show that lithium L-tartrate exhibits NLC with a maximum value, Kmax = -21 TPa^-1, and an overall NLC capacity, χNLC = 5.1 %, that are comparable to the most exceptional materials to date. Furthermore, the contributions from molecular strut compression and angle opening interplay to give rise to so-called “hidden” negative linear compressibility, in which NLC is absent at ambient pressure, switched on at 2 GPa and sustained up to the limit of our experiment, 5.5 GPa. Analysis of the changes in crystal structure using variable-pressure synchrotron X-ray diffraction reveals new chemical and geometrical design rules to assist the discovery of other materials with exciting hidden anomalous mechanical properties

An Assessment of How Australian Fisheries Management Plans Account for Climate Change Impacts

For Australian fisheries to remain productive and sustainable (environmentally and commercially), there is a need to incorporate climate change considerations into management and planning, and to implement planned climate adaptation options. Here, we determine the extent to which Australian state fisheries management documents consider issues relating to climate change, as well as how frequently climate change is considered a research funding priority within fisheries research in Australia. We conduct a content analysis of fisheries management documents investigating categories and themes relating to Australian state fisheries, climate, and environmental change. We also reviewed recent Research Priorities from the major fisheries research funding body for reference to climate change related themes, and the number of subsequently funded projects which considered climate change or related topics. Results show that commercial state fisheries management documents consider climate only to a limited degree in comparison to other topics, with less than one-quarter of all fisheries management documents having content relating to climate. However, we find that the south-east and south-west regions of the Australian coastline have the highest incorporation of “climate” and “environmental protection considerations” in their fisheries management documents, and that fisheries are more likely to have more “climate-related mentions” within their related management documents, if they (i) primarily target species with higher economic commercial catch values, (ii) commercial catch weights, or (iii) a greater number of commercial fish stocks existing. Only a small number of recently funded fisheries research projects considered climate change, representing only a small proportion of fisheries research investment. Given the extensive climate-driven impacts recently documented among key Australian fisheries species and associated ecosystems, we conclude that there is a clear need for fisheries management in Australia to consider longer-term climate adaptation strategies for Australian commercial state fisheries to remain sustainable into the future. We suggest that without additional climate-related fisheries research and funding, many Australian agencies and fisheries may not be prepared for the impacts and subsequent adaptation efforts required for sustainable fisheries under climate chang

Phase 3 Trial of 177Lu-Dotatate for Midgut Neuroendocrine Tumors

Background Patients with advanced midgut neuroendocrine tumors who have had disease progression during first-line somatostatin analogue therapy have limited therapeutic options. This randomized, controlled trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of lutetium-177 (177Lu)-Dotatate in patients with advanced, progressive, somatostatin-receptor-positive midgut neuroendocrine tumors. Methods We randomly assigned 229 patients who had well-differentiated, metastatic midgut neuroendocrine tumors to receive either 177Lu-Dotatate (116 patients) at a dose of 7.4 GBq every 8 weeks (four intravenous infusions, plus best supportive care including octreotide long-acting repeatable [LAR] administered intramuscularly at a dose of 30 mg) (177Lu-Dotatate group) or octreotide LAR alone (113 patients) administered intramuscularly at a dose of 60 mg every 4 weeks (control group). The primary end point was progression-free survival. Secondary end points included the objective response rate, overall survival, safety, and the side-effect profile. The final analysis of overall survival will be conducted in the future as specified in the protocol; a prespecified interim analysis of overall survival was conducted and is reported here. Results At the data-cutoff date for the primary analysis, the estimated rate of progression-free survival at month 20 was 65.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 50.0 to 76.8) in the 177Lu-Dotatate group and 10.8% (95% CI, 3.5 to 23.0) in the control group. The response rate was 18% in the 177Lu-Dotatate group versus 3% in the control group (P<0.001). In the planned interim analysis of overall survival, 14 deaths occurred in the 177Lu-Dotatate group and 26 in the control group (P=0.004). Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and lymphopenia occurred in 1%, 2%, and 9%, respectively, of patients in the 177Lu-Dotatate group as compared with no patients in the control group, with no evidence of renal toxic effects during the observed time frame. Conclusions Treatment with 177Lu-Dotatate resulted in markedly longer progression-free survival and a significantly higher response rate than high-dose octreotide LAR among patients with advanced midgut neuroendocrine tumors. Preliminary evidence of an overall survival benefit was seen in an interim analysis; confirmation will be required in the planned final analysis. Clinically significant myelosuppression occurred in less than 10% of patients in the 177Lu-Dotatate group. (Funded by Advanced Accelerator Applications; NETTER-1 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01578239 ; EudraCT number 2011-005049-11