NMR Spectroscopy of Cell Culture, Tissues, and Other Biofluids

NMR spectroscopy can provide a wealth of information on cellular metabolism and is frequently used in metabolomics application that use cultured cells, tissues, and whole organisms. Central to these analyses are the protocols for sample harvest, which incorporate procedures for quenching metabolic processes to preserve samples in a state that is representative of their source. In this chapter, the main considerations are discussed with reference to literature exemplars. In the latter half of the chapter, less commonly studied biofluids that also have specific sample preparation requirements are discussed, with a focus on cerebrospinal fluid, faeces, bile, seminal fluid, and milk.</jats:p

Influencing Factors for Cure of Clonorchiasis by Praziquantel Therapy: Infection Burden and CYP3A5 Gene Polymorphism

Chemotherapy of clonorchiasis with praziquantel (PZQ) is effective but about 15% of treated cases have been reported uncured. The present study investigated correlation of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the cytochrome P450 gene, CYP3A5 and cure of clonorchiasis. A total of 346 egg passing residents were subjected and treated by 3 doses of 25 mg/kg PZQ. Reexamination recognized 33 (9.5%) uncured and 313 cured. Numbers of eggs per gram of feces (EPGs) before treatment were significantly lower in the cured group than in the uncured group (2,011.2±3,600.0 vs 4,998.5±7,012.0, P<0.001). DNAs of the subjects were screened for SNPs at 7 locations of CYP3A5 using PCR. In the uncured group, the SNP frequencies at g.-20555G>A and g.27526C>T of CYP3A5 were 15.2% and 9.1% while those were 3.8% and 1.0%, respectively, in the cured group. The cure rate was significantly lower in the cases with SNP at g.27526C>T and EPGs≥1,000. In conclusion, EPGs and SNPs of CYP3A5 are factors which influence cure of clonorchiasis by PZQ therapy. It is strongly suggested to recommend 2-day medication for individuals with high EPGs≥1,000

New Heteroleptic Cobalt Precursors for Deposition of Cobalt-Based Thin Films

A new series of heteroleptic complexes of cobalt were synthesized using aminoalkoxide and ??-diketonate ligands. The complexes, [Co(dmamp)(acac)]2 (3), [Co(dmamp)(tfac)]2 (4), [Co(dmamp)(hfac)]2 (5), [Co(dmamp)(tmhd)]2 (6), and [Co(dmamb)(tmhd)]2 (7), were prepared by two-step substitution reactions and studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Complexes 3-7 displayed dimeric molecular structures for all of the complexes with cobalt metal centers interconnected by ??2-O bonding by the alkoxy oxygen atom. TGA and a thermal study of the complexes displayed high volatilities and stabilities for complexes 6 and 7, with sublimation temperatures of 120 ??C/0.5 Torr and 130 ??C/0.5 Torr, respectively

Modeling and Analysis of an Energy-Efficient Mobility Management Scheme in IP-Based Wireless Networks†

An energy-efficient mobility management scheme in IP-based wireless networks is proposed to reduce the battery power consumption of mobile hosts (MHs). The proposed scheme manages seven MH states, including transmitting, receiving, attention/cell-connected, attention/paging area(PA)-connected, idle, off/attached, and detached states, to efficiently manage battery power, radio resources, and network load. We derive the stationary probabilities and steady state probabilities of the seven MH states for the proposed scheme in IP-based wireless networks in compact form. The effects of various input parameters on MH steady state probabilities and power consumption are investigated in the proposed scheme compared to the conventional scheme. Network costs such as cell updates, PA updates, binding-lifetime-based registrations, and paging messages are analyzed in the proposed and conventional schemes. The optimal values of PA size and registration interval are derived to minimize the network cost of the proposed scheme. The combined network and power costs are investigated for the proposed and conventional schemes. The results provide guidelines to select the proper system parameters in IP-based wireless networks

Changes of Functional MRI Findings in a Patient Whose Pathological Gambling Improved with Fluvoxamine

Legalized gambling is a growing industry, and is probably a factor in the presently increasing prevalence of pathological gambling. We present a case of a 36-year-old pathological gambler who was treated with fluvoxamine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and who was assessed by functional MRI before and after drug administration. During activation periods, the pathological gambler was shown cards as stimuli, and fMRI results in several brain regions showed differential effects before and after medication and a maintenance period. This case demonstrates that the treatment response to fluvoxamine in a pathological gambler was observed not only by subjective self-report, but also by objective fMRI results. Therefore, fMRI may be a useful tool in the diagnosis and prediction of treatment response in patients afflicted with pathological gambling

Assessment of metabolic phenotypic variability in children's urine using 1H NMR spectroscopy

The application of metabolic phenotyping in clinical and epidemiological studies is limited by a poor understanding of inter-individual, intra-individual and temporal variability in metabolic phenotypes. Using 1H NMR spectroscopy we characterised short-term variability in urinary metabolites measured from 20 children aged 8-9 years old. Daily spot morning, night-time and pooled (50:50 morning and night-time) urine samples across six days (18 samples per child) were analysed, and 44 metabolites quantified. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and mixed effect models were applied to assess the reproducibility and biological variance of metabolic phenotypes. Excellent analytical reproducibility and precision was demonstrated for the 1H NMR spectroscopic platform (median CV 7.2%). Pooled samples captured the best inter-individual variability with an ICC of 0.40 (median). Trimethylamine, N-acetyl neuraminic acid, 3-hydroxyisobutyrate, 3-hydroxybutyrate/3-aminoisobutyrate, tyrosine, valine and 3-hydroxyisovalerate exhibited the highest stability with over 50% of variance specific to the child. The pooled sample was shown to capture the most inter-individual variance in the metabolic phenotype, which is of importance for molecular epidemiology study design. A substantial proportion of the variation in the urinary metabolome of children is specific to the individual, underlining the potential of such data to inform clinical and exposome studies conducted early in life