The distribution of hepatitis B virus exposure and infection in a population-based sample of U.S. Hispanic adults: HEPATOLOGY, Vol. XX, No. X, 2015

Little is known regarding the prevalence and distribution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in United States (US) Hispanics/Latinos. We sought to determine the prevalence of HBV exposure (anti-HBc), active HBV infection (HBsAg), and vaccine-induced HBV immunity (anti-HBs) in US Hispanics/Latinos and consider how these data inform clinical screening recommendations. Our analysis included 11,999 women and men of the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL), a population-based, cross-sectional household survey in four urban communities (Bronx, NY; Miami, FL; Chicago, IL; and San Diego, CA) of US civilian, non-institutionalized self-identifying Hispanic/Latino adults age 18–74. Vaccine-induced immunity was defined as detection of anti-HBs but not anti-HBc. However, if anti-HBc were present it was considered evidence of exposure to HBV, with detection of HBsAg used to distinguish those with active HBV infection. The mean age was 45.7 years and 7,153 were women. Vaccine-induced immunity was greatest among those aged 18–29 years (60.2% in women, 54% in men) and decreased with increasing age, regardless of country of birth. The prevalence of active HBV infection was 0.29% (95% CI: 0.19–0.43%), but varied by country of birth. Those born in the Dominican Republic had the highest prevalence of HBV exposure (20.3% in women, 29.7% in men) and active HBV infection (0.95%)

Manufacturing flow line systems: a review of models and analytical results

The most important models and results of the manufacturing flow line literature are described. These include the major classes of models (asynchronous, synchronous, and continuous); the major features (blocking, processing times, failures and repairs); the major properties (conservation of flow, flow rate-idle time, reversibility, and others); and the relationships among different models. Exact and approximate methods for obtaining quantitative measures of performance are also reviewed. The exact methods are appropriate for small systems. The approximate methods, which are the only means available for large systems, are generally based on decomposition, and make use of the exact methods for small systems. Extensions are briefly discussed. Directions for future research are suggested.National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant DDM-8914277

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