中國銀行在中國經濟及金融改革下的發展

中國是一個發展中國家，同時又處於由計劃經濟向市場經濟轉型的過程，其改革代表著「金融深化」(Financial Deepening) 的發展。本文首先扼要闡釋中國的金融體制改革與金融深化的理據和實況，接著再詳細探討中國銀行在金融及外匯改革之下其業務的特徵及轉變。 在中國金融改革的過程中，中國銀行的管理體制及其營運方式與中國政府的經濟政策依然保持著一定的「轉型期」關係。這明顯反映於中國銀行的資產負債結構和其營運效率指標之上，如盈利率與資本充足率等。經過二十多年的改革，中國銀行仍然未能完全擺脫政府的融資計劃的影響；在發展商業業務的同時仍然或多或少地執行著政府的政策性業務；基本上仍扮演著一個「發展銀行」 (Development Bank) 的角色和功能。 純粹從微觀經濟的角度來分析，中國銀行的這種「雙重」性格，難免在一定的程度上削弱了其風險、流動性和盈利性管理的能力和意識，並減低其經營效率和整體實力。這種矛盾明顯可見於大陸的中國銀行總行及香港分行兩者間的差異。大陸中國銀行的這些弱點在中國加入世界貿易組織之後，因為外資銀行的競爭與挑戰將更形突出。這將帶動政府對整個銀行體制進行進一步商業化[的改革與調整，包括銀行資產重組及利率自由化等措施

Seropositive Neuromyelitis Optica imitating an Intramedullary Cervical Spinal Cord Tumor: Case Report and Brief Review of the Literature

A 44-year-old woman with progressive cervical myelopathy and central cord syndrome was noted to have an extensive cervical intramedullary contrast-enhancing lesion on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The lesion resembled a spinal astrocytoma or ependymoma that required surgical intervention. She was subsequently diagnosed to have neuromyelitis optica (NMO), a rare idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating disorder, when the clinical examination revealed left optic atrophy. This was confirmed by a test showing seropositivity for NMO-immunoglobulin (IgG). Disease control was achieved with corticosteroids and immunosuppressive therapy. We report a rare case of a patient with NMO who had MRI features that could have easily led to the condition being misdiagnosed as a spinal cord tumor. The importance of careful history taking, awareness of typical radiological findings and the usefulness of serum NMO-IgG as a diagnostic tool are emphasized

Identification of microbial community in the urban environment: The concordance between conventional culture and nanopore 16S rRNA sequencing

IntroductionMicrobes in the built environment have been implicated as a source of infectious diseases. Bacterial culture is the standard method for assessing the risk of exposure to pathogens in urban environments, but this method only accounts for <1% of the diversity of bacteria. Recently, full-length 16S rRNA gene analysis using nanopore sequencing has been applied for microbial evaluations, resulting in a rise in the development of long-read taxonomic tools for species-level classification. Regarding their comparative performance, there is, however, a lack of information.MethodsHere, we aim to analyze the concordance of the microbial community in the urban environment inferred by multiple taxonomic classifiers, including ARGpore2, Emu, Kraken2/Bracken and NanoCLUST, using our 16S-nanopore dataset generated by MegaBLAST, as well as assess their abilities to identify culturable species based on the conventional culture results.ResultsAccording to our results, NanoCLUST was preferred for 16S microbial profiling because it had a high concordance of dominant species and a similar microbial profile to MegaBLAST, whereas Kraken2/Bracken, which had similar clustering results as NanoCLUST, was also desirable. Second, for culturable species identification, Emu with the highest accuracy (81.2%) and F1 score (29%) for the detection of culturable species was suggested.DiscussionIn addition to generating datasets in complex communities for future benchmarking studies, our comprehensive evaluation of the taxonomic classifiers offers recommendations for ongoing microbial community research, particularly for complex communities using nanopore 16S rRNA sequencing

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection in Southern Chinese Women – A Population-Based Study

Background: Persistent high-risk type Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is recognized as a necessary cause of cervical cancer. This study aimed to compare the HPV prevalence and risk factors between women residing in Hong Kong (HK) and Guangzhou (GZ) region of China. Methodology/Principal Findings: A total of 1,570 and 1,369 women were recruited from HK and GZ, respectively. The cytology samples were collected and tested for HPV infection. The overall and type-specific HPV prevalence and the potential risk factors for acquisition of HPV infection were studied. Women with normal cytology in the GZ cohort had significantly higher HPV prevalence (10%) than those in the HK cohort (6.2%, p<0.001). The patterns of the age-specific HPV prevalence were also different between the two cohorts. In the HK cohort, women at the age of 20-29 years old had the highest prevalence and a second peak was observed in the age of ≥60 years old. In the GZ cohort, the highest HPV prevalence was also observed in 20-29 years old but declined as the age increased and a second peak was not seen. HPV16 and HPV52 were the most common high-risk types found in the HK and GZ cohorts, respectively. Age was the most consistently observed independent risk factor for HPV infection in the HK, while the number of sexual partners had association in the GZ cohort. Conclusions/Significance: Our study provides the current status and the epidemiological characteristics of HPV prevalence in Southern Chinese women. The results strongly suggested that population education and the effective cervical cancer screening would be vital in the prevention of cervical cancer. © 2011 Liu et al.published_or_final_versio

A MECHANISTIC STUDY OF THE REACTION OF BETA-ACTIVATED ALLYL HALIDES WITH AMINES AND THE SYNTHESIS AND CHEMISTRY OF SOME MONOCYCLIC AZETIDINES.

Abstract not availabl

A MECHANISTIC STUDY OF THE REACTION OF BETA-ACTIVATED ALLYL HALIDES WITH AMINES AND THE SYNTHESIS AND CHEMISTRY OF SOME MONOCYCLIC AZETIDINES.

Abstract not availabl

Meso-exchange in metallo-octaethylporphyrins

Electrophilic deuteriation and tritiation of porphyrins and metalloporphyrins can be accomplished using simple pyridinium salts in hot Pyridine; the tritiation procedure allows relative exchange rates for metallo-octaethylporphyrins to be accurately assessed. © 1987

Assignment of Selected Hyperfine Proton NMR Resonances in the Met Forms of Glycera dibranchiata Monomer Hemoglobins and Comparisons with Sperm Whale Metmyoglobin

This work indicates a high degree of purity for our preparations of all three of the primary Glycera dibranchiata monomer hemoglobins and details assignments of the heme methyl and vinyl protons in the hyperfine shift region of the ferric (aquo?) protein forms. The assignments were carried out by reconstituting the apoproteins of each component with selectively deuteriated hemes. The results indicate that even though the individual component preparations consist of essentially a single protein, the proton NMR spectra indicate spectroscopic heterogeneity. Evidence is presented for identification and classification of major and minor protein forms that are present in solutions of each component. Finally, in contrast to previous results, a detailed analysis of the proton hyperfine shift patterns of the major and minor forms of each component, in comparison to the major and minor forms of metmyoglobin, leads to the conclusion that the corresponding forms of the proteins from each species have strikingly similar heme-globin contacts and display nearly identical heme electronic structures and coordination numbers. © 1988, American Chemical Society. All rights reserved

Identification of the Altered Pyrrole in the Isomeric Sulfmyoglobins: Hyperfine Shift Patterns as Indicators of Rine Saturation in Ferric Chlorins

Analysis of the1H NMR hyperfine shift patterns of isomeric sulfmyoglobins is carried out in the met-aquo and met-cyano states to determine the site of saturation in each protein. The utility of the patterns for structure elucidation is established by specific deuterium labeling of the heme methyls of the terminal base product. On the basis of the known saturation of ring B in this isomer [Chatfield, M. J., La Mar, G. N., Lecomte, J. T. J., Balch, A. L., Smith, K. M., & Langry, K. C. (1986) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 108, 7108–7110], the methyl resonance of the saturated ring is found to have strongly attenuated contact shift. Thus, the heme methyl contact shift pattern is diagnostic for the saturated pyrrole in the high-spin state. This rationale is then applied to analyze the assigned NMR spectra of the initial and terminal acid sulfmyoglobin products, revealing that the same ring B is saturated in each isomer. In contrast, the h\u27eme methyl contact shift pattern in low-spin ferric complexes reveals that the methyls both on the affected pyrrole and on the trans pyrrole are influenced similarly on sulfmyoglobin formation, precluding the use of this methyl shift pattern as a unique indicator of the site of saturation. Identification of exchangeable proximal histidine resonances for met-aquo sulfmyoglobin complexes with shifts similar to that in native myoglobin dictates inconsequential axial alterations in the sulfmyoglobins, while location of downfield meso proton resonances analogous to those of the native protein demonstrates the retention of the coordinate water in the active site of met-sulfmyoglobin. © 1988, American Chemical Society. All rights reserved