Novel insights into human respiratory syncytial virus-host factor interactions through integrated proteomics and transcriptomics analysis

<p>The lack of vaccine and limited antiviral options against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) highlights the need for novel therapeutic strategies. One alternative is to develop drugs that target host factors required for viral replication. Several microarray and proteomics studies had been published to identify possible host factors that are affected during RSV replication. In order to obtain a comprehensive understanding of RSV-host interaction, we integrated available proteome and transcriptome datasets and used it to construct a virus-host interaction network. Then, we interrogated the network to identify host factors that are targeted by the virus and we searched for drugs from the DrugBank database that interact with these host factors, which may have potential applications in repositioning for future treatment options of RSV infection.</p

Characteristics of the index patients according to age group.

<p>CI; Confidence interval.</p

Association between household transmission and the studied variables.

<p>CI: confidence interval.</p><p>SAR: secondary attack rate.</p

Phylodynamic and Bayesian tree with timescale of HIV-1subtype B Tat sequences from Los Alamos Database.

<p>A) Maximum clade credibility tree with time scale obtained from the strict molecular clock. Time to the most recent common ancestors (tMRCA) was indicated in years at the bottom of the figure. B) Gaussian Markov random field (GMRF) skyride plot estimated by strict clock method. The X-axis represents the time in year. The Y-axis represents the HIV-1 Tat effective number of infections (genetic diversity). The black line marks the median estimate for effective population size and the blue shading shows region displays the 95% highest posterior density (HPD) interval.</p

Phylodynamic and Bayesian tree with timescale of HIV-1subtype C Tat.

<p><b>A) Maximum clade credibility tree with time scale obtained from the strict molecular clock.</b> Time to the most recent common ancestors (tMRCA) was indicated in years at the bottom of the figure. B) Gaussian Markov random field (GMRF) skyride plot estimated by strict clock method. The X-axis represents the time in year. The Y-axis represents the HIV-1 tat effective number of infections (genetic diversity). The black line marks the median estimate for effective population size and the blue shading showed region displays the 95% highest posterior density (HPD) interval.</p

Role of Preschool and Primary School Children in Epidemics of Influenza A in a Local Community in Japan during Two Consecutive Seasons with A(H3N2) as a Predominant Subtype

<div><p>Enhanced influenza surveillance was implemented to analyze transmission dynamics particularly driving force of influenza transmission in a community during 2011/12 and 2012/13 seasons in Odate City, Japan. In these two consecutive seasons, influenza A(H3N2) was the predominant influenza A subtype. Suspected influenza cases were tested by commercial rapid test kits. Demographic and epidemiological information of influenza positive cases were recorded using a standardized questionnaire, which included age or age group, date of visit, date of fever onset, and the result of rapid test kit. Epidemiological parameters including epidemic midpoint (EM) and growth rate (GR) were analyzed. In 2012/13 season, numbers of influenza A positive cases were significantly lower among preschool (212 cases) and primary school (224 cases) children than in 2011/12 season (461 and 538 cases, respectively). Simultaneously, total influenza A cases were also reduced from 2,092 in 2011/12 season to 1,846 in 2012/13 season. The EMs in preschool and primary school children were earlier than EMs for adult and all age group in both 2011/12 and 2012/13 seasons. The GR in 2012/13 season was significantly lower than that in 2011/12 season (0.11 and 0.18, respectively, p = 0.003). Multiple linear regression analysis by school districts revealed that GRs in both seasons were significantly correlated with the incidence of school age children. Our findings suggest that preschool and primary school children played an important role as a driving force of epidemics in the community in both 2011/12 and 2012/13 seasons. The reduction of total influenza A cases in 2012/13 season can be explained by decreased susceptible population in these age groups due to immunity acquired by infections in 2011/12 season. Further investigations are needed to investigate the effect of pre-existing immunity on influenza transmission in the community.</p></div

The distributions of Epidemic Midpoint (EM) by age groups in 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 seasons.

<p>*Day 0 was set as February 8.</p

Daily number of Influenza A positive cases by age group in 2011/12 (1A) and 2012/13 (1B) seasons in Odate City, Akita, Japan.

<p>* The day of epidemic midpoint was set as Day 0. Those dates were February 8, 2012 and February 2, 2013, respectively.</p

Risk factor analysis results when comparing sARI cases and non-sARI among infants under 6 months.

<p>Co-variates were chosen based on initial univariate analyses (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0148421#pone.0148421.s007" target="_blank">S4 Table</a>). Estimates in bold indicate statistically significant co-variates.</p

Pengaruh Mutagen Etil Metan Sulfonat (Ems) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Kultur in Vitro Iles-iles {Amorphophallus Muelleri Blume) [Effects of Ethyl Methane Sulphonate {Ems} on Growth of I Iies-lies (Amorphophallus Muelleri Blume) in Vitro Cultures]

Amorphophallus muelleri Blume (Araceae) is one of 27 Amorphophallus species occur wild in Indonesia (Sumatera, Java, Floresand Timor). The species is valued for its glucoman content for use in food industry (heathy diet food), paper industry, pharmacyand cosmetics. The cultivation of A. muelleri is hampered by limited genetic quality of seed. The species is triploid (2n=3x=39),the seed is developed apomictically. and pollen production is low. The species is only propagated vegetatively. This may explainthat the species is difficult to breed conventionally and genetic variabillity in the exiting landaraces cultivars is rather limited.Induced mutation using ethyl methan sulfonate is one of techniques to increase genetic variation. The present research is aimed todetermine Lethal Dosage (LD) 50% and 75% of EMS and to study effects of EMS on growth of A, muelleri in vitro cultures for usein induced mutation program. Results of the experiment showed that LD-50 and LD-75 was observed at 0.875% EMS and 0.5%EMS. respectively. Number of shoot, and percentage of rooting culture were decreasing as EMS level concentration increases