Maternal exposure to nanoparticulate titanium dioxide during the prenatal period alters gene expression related to brain development in the mouse

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Nanotechnology is developing rapidly throughout the world and the production of novel man-made nanoparticles is increasing, it is therefore of concern that nanomaterials have the potential to affect human health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of maternal exposure to nano-sized anatase titanium dioxide (TiO₂) on gene expression in the brain during the developmental period using cDNA microarray analysis combined with Gene Ontology (GO) and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms information.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Analysis of gene expression using GO terms indicated that expression levels of genes associated with apoptosis were altered in the brain of newborn pups, and those associated with brain development were altered in early age. The genes associated with response to oxidative stress were changed in the brains of 2 and 3 weeks old mice. Changes of the expression of genes associated with neurotransmitters and psychiatric diseases were found using MeSH terms.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Maternal exposure of mice to TiO₂nanoparticles may affect the expression of genes related to the development and function of the central nervous system.</p

Pancreatic β Cell–specific Expression of Thioredoxin, an Antioxidative and Antiapoptotic Protein, Prevents Autoimmune and Streptozotocin-induced Diabetes

The cytotoxicity of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) has been implicated in the destruction of pancreatic β cells in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Thioredoxin (TRX), a redox (reduction/oxidation)-active protein, has recently been shown to protect cells from oxidative stress and apoptosis. To elucidate the roles of oxidative stress in the development of autoimmune diabetes in vivo, we produced nonobese diabetic transgenic mice that overexpress TRX in their pancreatic β cells. In these transgenic mice, the incidence of diabetes was markedly reduced, whereas the development of insulitis was not prevented. Moreover, induction of diabetes by streptozotocin, an ROI-generating agent, was also attenuated by TRX overexpression in β cells. This is the first direct demonstration that an antioxidative and antiapoptotic protein protects β cells in vivo against both autoimmune and drug-induced diabetes. Our results strongly suggest that oxidative stress plays an essential role in the destruction of β cells by infiltrating inflammatory cells in IDDM

トウキョウコウゲイダイガク コウガクブ タイイク ジツギI(ダンシガクセイ) ニ オケル ウンドウチュウ ノ シンパクスウ ノ ソクテイ(I) : ウンドウキョウド ノ スイテイ

In order to predict physical activity levels of handball, soccer and softball, heart rate during those games was mesured. Judging from the heart rate measured, physical activity levels of handball and soccer were about 70% of Vo_2 max, but those of soft ball were under 60% of Vo_2 max

トウキョウコウゲイダイガク コウガクブ タイリョクソクテイ ケッカ ホウコク ： ヘイセイ5ネンド シンニュウセイ オ タイショウ トシテ

We evaluated physical fitness of freshmen (male : 551, female : 52)of Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Polytechnics (TIP) in 1993. Physical fitness test was consisted of following eight items, side-step, vertical jump, grip strength, standing trunk flexion, step test, sit-ups, pull-ups and leg strength. Comparing physical fitness of TIP students with those of the same age in Japan, T-scores of each item in this test were calcurated. Female T-scores of all items were close to 50 points, which were standard values of physical fitness in the same age in Japan. In grip strength and pull-ups in male, T-scores were about 40 points and the other values were close to 50 points. It is considered that the upper limb strengthening program should be taken in their school life in view point of the total physical balance amog male freshmen of TIP

シュウ1カイ ノ キンリョクトレーニング ノ コウカ : タイイクスポーツリロン ジッシュウ ノ ジュギョウ ケッカ

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of weekly muscular strength training for 5 weeks in physical fitness class. Subjects were twenty-two sophomores (11 men, 11 women) who were non-trained in daily living. Nine kinds of muscular strength training, which were related to upper limbs, lower limbs and trunk, were performed. The training intesity was defined ten repetitive contractions with load of 60% of MVC (maximal voluntary contraction). We observed that 1) values of MVC increased significantly after training in all kinds of muscular strength training, 2) percentages of increment of MVC in women were larger than those in men. lt was suggested that muscular strength of university students who were non-trained in daily living increased by weekly muscular strength training

ウルトラマラソン 100キロメートル ソウコウチュウ ノ シンパクスウ ノ ヘンドウ

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the changes of heart rate during ultra-marathon race. Subject was one healthy male in age 36, who were well trained for long distance running. Subject run the whole distance (100km) on 8 hours 24 minutes in 100km race. Values of mean heart rate and mean running speed every 5km were calculated. Although the values of mean running speed decreased, the values of mean heart rate increased from 140 to 168 beats/min. gradually. This relation between heart rate and running speed during long distance running hasn\u27t been given an example in previous study

モクヒョウ ノ アル シュンカンテキナ チカラ ハッキ ノ シュウシュクジカン ト キンホウデンジカン ニ ツイテ

1) Subjects were healthy 16 adult men in this experiment. The relationship between amplitude and contraction time, and the relationship between force amplitude and EMG dwell time during ballistic force exertion by thumb adduction ware examined. The target force levels were defined at three levels, which were 10%, 30% and 50% of MVC. 2) Mean values of MVC derived from all subjects before taining weren\u27t larger than those after training. 3)The contraction time and EMG dwell time increased with force increment. These two relationships, force-contiraction time and force-EMG dwell time expressed as linear equations (regression equatio). Contraction time and EMG dwell time decreased remarkably after training under conditions of 30% and 50% of MVC. Therefore, Slopes of linear equations decreased, but y-intercepts remained the same 4) It is suggested that at a given ballistic force amplitude, the duration of neuronal output can be shortened by training. However, a certain essential unit time might be necessary to neuronal progrms of ballistic contraction, because the y-intercept of the regression equation did not changeafter training

ウンドウゼンゴ ニオケル ケッショウタンパク ノ ヘンドウ

The jogging recently becomes popular for health improvement and an increasing number of citizen participates in various types of sports including marathon. Therefore it is important to understand the physical changes agrainst the sport burden to avoid accidents. 43 students in university sport clubs were subject to experiment by loading on 8.5km running. Blood and serum were colleded before runningas control, 10 min and 6 hrs after runing for analysis. Hemoglobin concentration increased slightly 10 min after running, then decreased. Total serum protein increased significantly (p<0.01) 10 min after running and slightly decreased 6 hrs after running. The 24 serum protein components 10 min after running was higher than that before running. Especially, it was prominent in albumin (p<0.01). 0n the other hand only haptoglobin 10 min after running was lower than that before running. In comparison with concentration between before and 6 hrs after running most protein components tend to decrease, and especially haptoglobin was significantly decreased (p<0.01). From these results we speculate that haptoglobin was a key protein to evaluate the physical condition for sport loading