Temporal increase in muscle cross-sectional area as an acute effect of resistance exercise in resistance-trained and untrained individuals

The purpose of this study was to compare the temporal increase in muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) as the acute response of resistance exercise (RE) between resistance-trained and untrained groups, and investigate the factors that affect the muscle CSA. Resistance-trained (n = 14) and untrained (n = 14) subjects performed four kinds of triceps brachii RE. Muscle CSA and intracellular hydration (IH), were measured prior to and 5-, 30-, and 60-minute after RE. Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated to clarify the relationships among percent increases in muscle CSA and IH, area under the Oyx-Hb curve, blood lactate concentration, and % maximum voluntary contraction (MVC)-root-mean-square (RMS) of electromyogram (EMG). At 5-minute after RE, muscle CSA increased significantly to 120.2 ± 6.3% in the resistance-trained group and 105.5 ± 2.3% in the untrained group (p < 0.01). However, neither group showed a significant difference between the values before and 30-minute after RE. In the resistance-trained group, there was a significant increase in IH at 5-minute post-RH (p < 0.01), and correlations were found between percent increases in muscle CSA and IH (r = 0.70, p < 0.01), area under the Oxy-Hb curve (r = 0.77, p < 0.01), and % MVC-RMS of EMG (r = 0.72, p < 0.01). The findings of this study suggest that measurements of muscle CSA in studies of muscle hypertrophy should be performed 30-minute or more after the last resistance exercise session, and muscle pump exercises should be conducted just before participation in bodybuilding, and physique contests

Treatment of multiple liver metastasis from gastric carcinoma

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licens

Kinematic and kinetic characteristics of stepping over a 10-cm-high obstacle in older adults

[Purpose] The purpose of this research was to clarify the common responses shared by a high-falldown-risk group of older adults and develop an exercise-learning program to prevent falls. [Subjects] Thirty-four subjects were chosen from those who use the daycare program of a nursing home at least once a week. [Methods] All subjects were categorized in longer or shorter-MSL groups. Ninety-second stepping from two force plates to a 10-cm-high box was executed under three conditions. The locus length of the COP,toe-obstacle distance,and step length were used as experimental data. [Results] The coefficient between the MSL and COP was from 0.69 to 0.73. The shorter-MSL group showed smaller COP movements in the A-P direction and a smaller toe-obstacle distance between the single stepping and stepping with the visual task and between the single stepping and stepping with the auditory task. No significant difference was noted in the step length between the two groups. [Conclusion] The shorter-MSL group was easily affected by the dual-task, suggesting that the shorter-MSL group has a high risk of falling when negotiating obstacles. Stepping exercise with the dual-task using the COP movements as a feedback index may be useful for older adults who have a smaller MSL

The assessments of body sway on the static standing using the center of pressure

The Center of Pressure (COP) has been used in evaluation of balance and motion analysis research. When it is measured with such a platform systems, the COP is defined as the center of the total number of active transducers for each data sample collected. Smaller magnitude of the COP movement on static standing reflects greater ability of postural control. On the contrary, bigger magnitude of the COP movement on static standing reflects poorer ability of postural control. Though this theory has been supported by some researches, there are some exceptions. To clarify the meaning of measuring the COP movements on static standing, we focused on some parameters concerning the COP, reliability and validity of the COP, the way to use, the COP movements of static standing with balance disabled people, the effect of aging on static balance, the relationship between gender and static balance, the effect of a low alcohol dose, and the balance of the day

De Novo Mutations in GNAO1, Encoding a Gαo Subunit of Heterotrimeric G Proteins, Cause Epileptic Encephalopathy

Heterotrimeric G proteins, composed of α, β, and γ subunits, can transduce a variety of signals from seven-transmembrane-type receptors to intracellular effectors. By whole-exome sequencing and subsequent mutation screening, we identified de novo heterozygous mutations in GNAO1, which encodes a Gαo subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins, in four individuals with epileptic encephalopathy. Two of the affected individuals also showed involuntary movements. Somatic mosaicism (approximately 35% to 50% of cells, distributed across multiple cell types, harbored the mutation) was shown in one individual. By mapping the mutation onto three-dimensional models of the Gα subunit in three different complexed states, we found that the three mutants (c.521A>G [p.Asp174Gly], c.836T>A [p.Ile279Asn], and c.572_592del [p.Thr191_Phe197del]) are predicted to destabilize the Gα subunit fold. A fourth mutant (c.607G>A), in which the Gly203 residue located within the highly conserved switch II region is substituted to Arg, is predicted to impair GTP binding and/or activation of downstream effectors, although the p.Gly203Arg substitution might not interfere with Gα binding to G-protein-coupled receptors. Transient-expression experiments suggested that localization to the plasma membrane was variably impaired in the three putatively destabilized mutants. Electrophysiological analysis showed that Gαo-mediated inhibition of calcium currents by norepinephrine tended to be lower in three of the four Gαo mutants. These data suggest that aberrant Gαo signaling can cause multiple neurodevelopmental phenotypes, including epileptic encephalopathy and involuntary movements

カンガエ ファンクショナル リーチテスト

先行研究ではFunctional Reach Test(以下:FRT)遂行時に股関節ストラテジーを用いた場合, Center of Pressure(以下:COP)の変位を伴わないために動的バランスの指標とならないと示唆している. FRTを動的バランスの指標として用いるためには, 足関節ストラテジーを用いる必要がある. そのために, リーチ動作中は挙上した上肢を床面と水平に保ち, かつ開始肢位と測定時の上肢の床からの高さを一定に保つよう規定しなければならない. 足関節ストラテジーの機能評価はCOPとCenter of Gravity(以下:COG)の相互作用, またその相互作用に必要とされる下腿三頭筋や足趾屈筋群, 脊柱起立筋などの協調性を評価することになり, 結果的に歩行能力との相関をみることができる. さらに転倒率との相関や, 転倒方向などリスクの把握をFRTに求めるのであれば, 側方へのFRTを実施すべきである. 側方へのFRTを実施することで, 姿勢制御機能の一つの要素である体幹・下肢・足部内在筋の協調的な働き, すなわち側方への動的バランスを評価することができると考える.The previous studies suggest that the Functional Reach Test (FRT) using the hip joint strategy can\u27t be used as an index of the dynamic balance because of not accompanying the displacement of Center of Pressure (COP). If the FRT is to be considered as an index of the dynamic balance, it is essential to use the ankle joint strategy for the FRT instead. Ninety degrees shoulder joint flexion is required as a starting position and the elevated upper limb should be kept horizontally from the floor during the whole reach movement. The functional assessment of the ankle joint strategy will be used to assess the interaction between COP and Center of Gravity (COG) , and the cooperation with the Triceps Surae Muscle and the Erector Spinaes. Consequentially, the functional assessment of the ankle joint strategy can evaluate the correlation with the walk capacity. In addition, if we need to grasp the risk of fall, direction of fall, and so on by evaluating the FRT, it is necessary to include the FRT to the both side direction in the evaluation. The FRT to the both side direction is able to assess the cooperated function of trunk, lower limb, and foot muscles, the dynamic balance to the side

Research Activities in the Department of Physical Therapy

[Introduction] It is already fifty years since the Japanese law of physical therapists and occupational therapists has been effective. The physical therapist is referred by the law as "the professionals who implements the physical therapy to persons with disabilities under the prescription of medical doctors". In fifty years, however, the target of physical therapy has been significantly expanded. The subject for physical therapy now includes the patients in acute disease just after the surgical operation in addition to those in rehabilitation stage. In other words, the physical therapy is now recognized as the indispensable intervention to the subject with acute as well as chronic disorders. On the other hand, due to a rapid transition of the society into the aged society, prevention of diseases, and decline of activity capacity due to the aging have become major issues for the physical therapy

リンショウ キョウイン セイド ノ ドウニュウ ト ソノ カノウセイ

昨今の理学療法士養成教育が抱える諸問題多く, 特に養成校の急増に伴う臨床実習施設の不足問題, 実習指導者の指導経験不足問題など様々な重要課題が山積状態となっている. その問題の解決策として, 藍野大学医療保健学部理学療法学科では, 2008年度より臨床教員制度を用いた新たな臨床実習形態の導入を試みている. 臨床教員制度とは, 藍野大学で雇用している教員(助手)を, 臨床教員として関連病院(藍野病院)に派遣し, 臨床教育指導主体の業務に携わらせる制度の事である. 臨床教員は, 関連病院で理学療法士としての診療業務を行いながら, 実習期間には臨床実習指導者として中心的役割を担っている. 今回その制度の紹介と学生教育における効果および今後の可能性について考察し, 近々訪れる大学全入時代に向けての藍野大学理学療法学科としての方策について知見を述べる.As we train the students majoring in physical therapy, there are various problems like the lack of clinical practice facilities because of the rapid increase of the physical therapy training school and shortage of clinical instructor\u27s experience. To solve the problems written above, we, physical therapy department of Aino University, tried to introduce a new clinical practice system in 2008. On this new clinical practice, we send the university assistants who have a lot of experience in the clinical field of physical therapy to the associated hospital and make them involved in the clinical and educational work. We introduce this new clinical system here and describe about educational effect of this system and clinical training form to be changed

Transition and verification of ground fault protection method in Hokuriku Shinkansen line

The electrical discharge gaps called S type horn are applied to the ground fault detection and protection in AC traction power supply system for high speed railway called Shinkansen. In this method, the earth resistance of the steel pipe pillar is an important factor for the ground fault protection by the electrical discharge. In this study, the analyses of the transient characteristics of grounding fault are carried out by using EMTP, and the ground resistance value required to trigger discharge at S type horn was calculated. Moreover, the protection effect of a discharge gap called GP the substation equipment that is a discharge gap which is inserted between rails and substation mesh is evaluated