Vection induced by low-level motion extracted from complex animation films

This study examined the contributions of low-, mid- and high-level visual motion information to vection. We compared the vection experiences induced by hand-drawn and computer-generated animation clips to those induced by versions of these movies that contained only their pure optic flow. While the original movies were found to induce longer and stronger vection experiences than the pure optic flow, vection onsets were not significantly altered by removing the mid- and high-level information. We conclude that low-level visual motion information appears to be important for vection induction, whereas mid- and higher-level display information appears to be important for sustaining and strengthening this vection after its initial induction

Tyrosine Phosphorylation Regulates the Expression of Major Histocompatibility Complex Antigens on a Human Lung Cancer Cell Line by Interferon-gamma

Expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens on cancer cells is essential for cell-mediated immune function. However, these molecules are reduced on cancer cells enabling them to escape from host immune surveillance. It is well known that interferon-γ (IFN-γ) upregulates the expression of MHC molecules and restores the immunogenicity of cancer cells. Nevertheless, the mechanism by which IFN-γ modulates MHC expression on cancer cells is not clear. Therefore, in this report, we examined the role of tyrosine protein kinases in IFN-γ-induced MHC expression in a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line, HLC-1. We found that a tyrosine protein kinase inhibitor, herbimycin A, inhibited both IFN-γ-inducible MHC class I and class II expression, as assessed by flow cytometry. Additionally, assessment of tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular substrates by confocal laser microscopy using an anti-phosphotyrosine monoclonal antibody (mAb) revealed that IFN-γ induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation within 5 min of treatment. Herbimycin A inhibited this IFN-γ-induced tyrosine phosphorylation. Thus, tyrosine phosphorylation plays an important role in IFN-γ-induced MHC class I and class II expression on HLC-1 cells

Novel method of extracting motion from natural movies

tBackground: The visual system in primates can be segregated into motion and shape pathways. Interactionoccurs at multiple stages along these pathways. Processing of shape-from-motion and biological motionis considered to be a higher-order integration process involving motion and shape information. However,relatively limited types of stimuli have been used in previous studies on these integration processes.New method: We propose a new algorithm to extract object motion information from natural movies andto move random dots in accordance with the information. The object motion information is extracted byestimating the dynamics of local normal vectors of the image intensity projected onto the x-y plane ofthe movie.Results: An electrophysiological experiment on two adult common marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus)showed that the natural and random dot movies generated with this new algorithm yielded comparableneural responses in the middle temporal visual area.Comparison with existing methods: In principle, this algorithm provided random dot motion stimuli con-taining shape information for arbitrary natural movies. This new method is expected to expand theneurophysiological and psychophysical experimental protocols to elucidate the integration processingof motion and shape information in biological systems.Conclusions: The novel algorithm proposed here was effective in extracting object motion informationfrom natural movies and provided new motion stimuli to investigate higher-order motion informationprocessing.© 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)