First-principles study on dielectric properties of NaCl crystal and ultrathin NaCl films under finite external electric field

We present a first-principles study on the dielectric properties of an NaCl crystal and ultrathin NaCl films under a finite external electric field. Our results show that the high-frequency dielectric constant of the films is not affected by the finite size effect from crystal surfaces and is close to that of the crystal, whereas the static one is sensitive to the thickness of the film due to the difference in the atomic configurations between the surface and inside of the film.Comment: 11 pages and 4 figure

Concentration fluctuations and phase transitions in coupled modulated bilayers

We consider the formation of finite-size domains in lipid bilayers consisting of saturated and hybrid lipids. First, we describe a monolayer model that includes a coupling between a compositional scalar field and a two-dimensional vectorial order-parameter. Such a coupling yields an effective two-dimensional microemulsion free-energy for the lipid monolayer, and its characteristic length of compositional modulations can be considered as the origin of finite-size domains in biological membranes. Next, we consider a coupled bilayer composed of two modulated monolayers, and discuss the static and dynamic properties of concentration fluctuations above the transition temperature. We also investigate the micro-phase separation below the transition temperature, and compare the micro-phase separated structures with statics and dynamics of concentration fluctuations above the transition.Comment: 14 pages, 12 figures, 1 tabl

Direct administration of 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin into guinea pig cochleae: Effects on physiological and histological measurements

<p>Cochlear response measurements from two different animals made before (red) and after (blue) treatment with HPβCD (Panel A) and TTX (Panel B) to 80 dB SPL 4 kHz tone bursts. Cochlear response waveform maintained CAP-like morphology after HPβCD treatment, consistent with reduced mechanical drive to neural excitation (Panel B, blue). In contrast, response waveform is EPSP-like following TTX treatment. Unlike TTX, results from HPβCD do not support the hypothesis that the auditory nerve is a site of action for 13 mM HPβCD.</p

Suppression of cell-spreading and phagocytic activity on nano-pillared surface: in vitro experiment using hemocytes of the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri.

Nano-scale nipple array on the body surface has been described from various invertebrates including endoparasitic and mesoparasitic copepods, but the functions of the nipple array is not well understood. Using the hydrophilized nanopillar sheets made of polystyrene as a mimetic material of the nipple arrays on the parasites\u2019 body surface, we assayed the cell spreading and phagocytosis of the hemocytes of the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri. On the pillared surface, the number of spreading amebocytes and the number of phagocytizing hemocytes per unit area were always smaller than those on the flat surface (Mann-Whitney test, p < 0.05 - 0.001), probably because the effective area for the cell attachment on the pillared surface is much smaller than the area on the flat sheet. The present results supports the idea that the nipple array on the parasites' body surface reduces the innate immune reaction from the host hemocytes

First-Principles Study on Leakage Current through Si/SiO2_2 Interface

The relationship between the presence of defects at the stacking structure of the Si/SiO$_2$ interface and leakage current is theoretically studied by first-principles calculation. I found that the leakage current through the interface with dangling bonds is 530 times larger than that without any defects, which is expected to lead to dielectric breakdown. The direction of the dangling bonds is closely related to the performance of the oxide as an insulator. In addition, it is proved that the termination of the dangling bonds by hydrogen atoms is effective for reducing the leakage current.Comment: 11 pages. to be published in Phys. Rev.

Epidemiology of gastroschisis: A population-based study in California from 1995 to 2012.

BackgroundAlthough the incidence of gastroschisis is increasing, risk factors are not clearly identified.MethodsUsing the Linked Birth Database from the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development from 1995 to 2012, patients with gastroschisis were identified by ICD-9 diagnosis/procedure code or birth certificate designation. Logistic regressions examined demographics, birth factors, and maternal exposures on risk of gastroschisis.ResultsThe prevalence of gastroschisis was 2.7 cases per 10,000 live births. Patients with gastroschisis had no difference in fetal exposure to alcohol (p = 0.609), narcotics (p = 0.072), hallucinogenics (p = 0.239), or cocaine (p = 0.777), but had higher exposure to unspecified/other noxious substances (OR 3.27, p = 0.040; OR 2.02, p = 0.002). Gastroschisis was associated with low/very low birthweight (OR 5.08-16.21, p &lt; 0.001) and preterm birth (OR 3.26-10.0, p &lt; 0.001). Multivariable analysis showed lower risk in black (OR 0.44, p &lt; 0.001), Asian/Pacific Islander (OR 0.76, p = 0.003), and Hispanic patients (OR 0.72, p &lt; 0.001) compared to white patients. Risk was higher in rural areas (OR 1.24-1.76, p = 0.001). Compared to women age &lt; 20, risk decreased with advancing maternal age (OR 0.49-OR 0.03, p &lt; 0.001). Patients with gastroschisis had increased total charges ($336,270 vs.$9012, p &lt; 0.001) and length of stay (38.1 vs. 2.9 days, p &lt; 0.001). Mortality was 4.6%.ConclusionsThis is the largest population-based study summarizing current epidemiology of gastroschisis in California.Type of studyRetrospective comparative cohort study.Level of evidenceIII

Whole-Stand Carbon Gains and Nitrogen Distribution in Herbaceous Stands

We studied canopy structure and leaf nitrogen distribution in open and dense stands of tall dicot and monocot herbs and compared the results with simulated canopy performance under uniform and optimised leaf nitrogen distributions. Dense stands showed leaf nitrogen distributions that greatly differed from those of uniform distribution but did not completely match optimum distribution. In dense stands this led to strongly enhanced potential whole canopy carbon gains, while in open stands the leaf nitrogen distribution was not very important in this respect. Dense stands of monocots kept more leaf nitrogen in the lower parts of their canopies than is justified by the prevailing light climate low in the stands and some dense stands maintained a higher than optimum total leaf area

Management considerations of massive hemoptysis while on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

BACKGROUND: Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V-A ECMO) is a life-saving procedure in patients with both respiratory and cardiac failure. Bleeding complications are common since patients must be maintained on anticoagulation. Massive hemoptysis is a rare complication of ECMO; however, it may result in death if not managed thoughtfully and expeditiously. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed of consecutive ECMO patients from 7/2010-8/2014 to identify episodes of massive hemoptysis. The management of and the outcomes in these patients were studied. Massive hemoptysis was defined as an inability to control bleeding (\u3e300 mL/day) from the endotracheal tube with conventional maneuvers, such as bronchoscopy with cold saline lavage, diluted epinephrine lavage and selective lung isolation. All of these episodes necessitated disconnecting the ventilator tubing and clamping the endotracheal tube, causing full airway tamponade. RESULTS: During the period of review, we identified 118 patients on ECMO and 3 (2.5%) patients had the complication of massive hemoptysis. One case was directly related to pulmonary catheter migration and the other two were spontaneous bleeding events that were propagated by antiplatelet agents. All three patients underwent bronchial artery embolization in the interventional radiology suite. Anticoagulation was held during the period of massive hemoptysis without any embolic complications. There was no recurrent bleed after appropriate intervention. All three patients were successfully separated from ECMO. CONCLUSIONS: Bleeding complications remain a major issue in patients on ECMO. Disconnection of the ventilator and clamping the endotracheal tube with full respiratory and cardiac support by V-A ECMO is safe. Early involvement of interventional radiology to embolize any potential sources of the bleed can prevent re-hemoptysis and enable continued cardiac and respiratory recovery

Si/Ge hole-tunneling double-barrier resonant tunneling diodes formed on sputtered flat Ge layers

We have demonstrated Si/Ge hole-tunneling double-barrier resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs) formed on flat Ge layers with a relaxation rate of 89% by our proposed method; in this method, the flat Ge layers can be directly formed on highly B-doped Si(001) substrates using our proposed sputter epitaxy method. The RTDs exhibit clear negative differential resistance effects in the static current–voltage (I–V) curves at room temperature. The quantized energy level estimation suggests that resonance peaks that appeared in the I–V curves are attributed to hole tunneling through the first heavy- and light-hole energy levels