Impact of admission glycemia and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c on long-term clinical outcomes of non-diabetic patients with acute coronary syndrome

AbstractBackgroundAdmission glucose levels have proven to be a predictor in patients with acute myocardial infarction and elevated glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, even in patients without diabetes. However, the effect of both admission glucose and HbA1c levels on clinical outcomes in non-diabetic patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) has not been fully elucidated. We evaluated the combined effect of admission glucose and HbA1c values on long-term clinical outcomes in non-diabetic patients with ACS treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).Methods and resultsThis was an observational study of 452 consecutive non-diabetic patients with ACS who underwent PCI between January 1997 and December 2006. The patients were assigned to four groups according to the median values of admission glucose and HbA1c. The primary endpoint comprising a composite of all-cause death and non-fatal MI was compared among the four groups. The primary endpoint occurred in 13.3% of the participants during a median follow-up period of 4.7 years. The cumulative incidence rate of primary endpoint significantly differed among the groups (p=0.048). Multivariable Cox regression analysis showed that the combination of elevated admission glucose and HbA1c was independently associated with long-term clinical outcomes.ConclusionsCombined admission glucose and HbA1c values were independently associated with clinical outcomes in non-diabetic patients with ACS treated with PCI

女子学生の体型認識及び生活習慣と体組成との関連

【要旨】女子学生105人を対象に，体組成を体型認識及び生活習慣と関連づけて検討した。BMIは標準であるが，体脂肪率28%以上の者，いわゆるかくれ肥満が約6割であることがわかった。BMIによる体格判定において，低体重群は標準群及び肥満群より，体脂肪率，筋肉量，体水分量，基礎代謝量が低かった。体型認識では，BMI標準群にもかかわらず「太っている」が約5割などとの誤った認識がみられた。さらにBMI標準群90人を体脂肪率により2群に分類し比較すると，かくれ肥満群は標準群より，実測・理想体重，内臓脂肪レベルが高かった。上記2群の生活習慣の比較では，標準群はかくれ肥満群より，週2～4回の運動を実施する者の割合が高かった。以上のことから正しい体型認識を持つためには，BMIに加え，体脂肪率の測定による体型判定が重要だと考えられた。加えて，適正な体組成維持のためには，正しい体型認識を持つとともに，週2回以上の運動が必要だということが示唆された。Abstract: We examined body composition in relation to body perception and lifestyle habits in 105 female students. Their body mass index (BMI) was in the standard range, but about 60% of them had a body fat percentage of 28% or more, indicating so-called hidden obesity. In judging physique using BMI, the group with a low body weight had lower body fat percentage, muscle mass, body water content, and basal metabolic rate than the standard and obesity groups. Regarding body perception, there was a false recognition that about 50% were “fat” despite the standard BMI. Furthermore, 90 students in the standard BMI group were divided into two groups according to the body fat percentage and compared; the hidden obesity group had higher actual/ideal body weight and visceral fat level than did the standard group. A comparison of the lifestyle habits of the two groups showed that the percentage of those who exercised 2 to 4 times a week was higher in the standard than hidden obesity group. Based on the above, to have a correct body perception, it is important to make body shape judgments by measuring the body fat percentage in addition to the BMI. In addition, it was suggested that to maintain proper body composition, it is necessary to have correct body perception and exercise twice a week or more

(R)-ketamine restores anterior insular cortex activity and cognitive deficits in social isolation-reared mice

Yokoyama R., Ago Y., Igarashi H., et al. (R)-ketamine restores anterior insular cortex activity and cognitive deficits in social isolation-reared mice. Molecular Psychiatry , (2024); https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-024-02419-6.Chronic social isolation increases the risk of mental health problems, including cognitive impairments and depression. While subanesthetic ketamine is considered effective for cognitive impairments in patients with depression, the neural mechanisms underlying its effects are not well understood. Here we identified unique activation of the anterior insular cortex (aIC) as a characteristic feature in brain-wide regions of mice reared in social isolation and treated with (R)-ketamine, a ketamine enantiomer. Using fiber photometry recording on freely moving mice, we found that social isolation attenuates aIC neuronal activation upon social contact and that (R)-ketamine, but not (S)-ketamine, is able to counteracts this reduction. (R)-ketamine facilitated social cognition in social isolation-reared mice during the social memory test. aIC inactivation offset the effect of (R)-ketamine on social memory. Our results suggest that (R)-ketamine has promising potential as an effective intervention for social cognitive deficits by restoring aIC function

Effects of raloxifene on the production of cytokines in stimulated whole blood in ex vivo and in vitro studies

Purpose : The aims of this study were to determine the effects of raloxifene therapy on production of cytokines and in vitro effects of raloxifene on production of cytokines by whole blood cultures. Methods :We obtained samples of peripheral blood from 6 postmenopausal women with osteopenia at baseline and after 3 and 6 months of raloxifene therapy and 10 postmenopausal women who did not receive raloxifene therapy. Whole blood from raloxifene-treated women was stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or phytohemeagglutinin (PHA). Whole blood from postmenopausal women who were not treated with raloxifene was preincubated with raloxifene at concentrations of 10-10-10-7 M and then stimulated with LPS or PHA. Concentrations of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, TNF-α and IFN-γ in the supernatant were measured by respective ELISAs. Results : In ex vivo cultures, raloxifene therapy inhibited LPS-stimulated production of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p40, IL-12p70 and TNF-α, but not PHA-stimulated production of IL-4 and IFN-γ. In in vitro cultures, raloxifene at a concentration (10-9 M) inhibited LPS-stimulated production of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-12p40 and PHA-stimulated production of IFN-γ. Conclusions : Raloxifene therapy decreases the production of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α but not that of IL-4 and IFN-γ, suggesting that modulation of cytokines could play a role in the mechanisms of the osteoprotective effect of raloxifene

Synthesis of sugar alcohols by hydrolytic hydrogenation of cellulose over supported metal catalysts

Cellulose is converted into sorbitol and related sugar compounds over water-tolerant and durable carbon-supported Pt catalysts under aqueous hydrogenation conditions. Pre-treatment of cellulose with ball-milling effectively reduces the crystallinity and particle size of cellulose, which results in high conversion of cellulose to sorbitol and mannitol. The selectivity of sorbitol increases by using Cl-free metal precursors in the catalyst preparation as residual Cl on the catalysts promotes the side-reactions. The transformation of cellulose to sorbitol consists of the hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose via water-soluble oligosaccharides and the successive hydrogenation of glucose to sorbitol. The hydrolysis of cellulose is the rate-determining step, and the Pt catalysts promote both the hydrolysis and the hydrogenation steps