Implementasi Permendagri Nomor 15 Tahun 2008 Tentang Pengarusutamaan Gender pada Jenjang Pendidikan Dasar di Kota Malang

Windra Rizkiyana1 & Wahyu Widodo21 Mahasiswa & 2Staf Pengajar Program Pasca Sarjana, Universitas Muhammadiyah MalangAlamat Korespondensi : Jl. Bandung No.1 MalangEmail: [email protected] education, still found a gender gap regarding both aspects of the expansion of educationalaccess and equity, quality and relevance of education and management. The purpose of this studywere: (1) describe the substance Permendagri No. 15 of 2008 on Gender Mainstreaming; (2) describethe implementation of Permendagri No. 15 of 2008 on Gender Mainstreaming in Elementary Educationin Malang; (3) Analyze the obstacles encountered in implementation Permendagri No. 15 of 2008 onGender Mainstreaming in Elementary Education in Malang. This type of research is a descriptiveanalysis, using a qualitative approach that is supported by a quantitative approach. And the techniquesof data acolllection through by interviews and the documents. Study sites are in Malang EducationDepartment. Analysis of the data used is descriptive analysis of qualitative and quantitative theorysupported by Gender Analysis Pathway (GAP), Content Analysis and Root Analysis. Implementationof Permendagri No 15 of 2008 about gender mainstreaming in basic education levels in Malang hasnot been optimal. These proved by the remains of gender inequality or gap that occurs in all threeaspects, that access and educational equity, quality and relevance of education, as well as accountabilityand governance. Constraints encountered in implementation Permendagri No. 15 of 2008 on gendermainstreaming in elementary education in Malang include: (a) Outreach activities that are specificallyabout the PUG in primary education has not been done; (b) The budget is not specifically formainstreaming activities; (c) newly formed working group PUG.Key word: Permendagri No. 15 of 2008, gender mainstreaming, basic educatio

Reverse-phase ODS elution profiles of PA-glycans obtained from three different fractions separated by the DEAE column.

<p>The neutral, mono-, and di-sialyl fractions were individually applied onto the ODS column and gave elution profiles according to their hydrophobicity.</p

Distribution of Siaα2-3Gal and Siaα2-6Gal receptors in the porcine respiratory tract detected by lectin staining.

<p>Sections containing Siaα2-3Gal and Siaα2-6Gal receptors were reacted with DIG-labeled MAA and biotinylated SNA, respectively. DIG-MAA- and biotin-SNA-exposed sections were then reacted with anti-DIG-rhodamine (red) and avidin-fluorescein (green), respectively. Sections from representative tissues are shown at original magnification of x400. E =  epithelium, CC  =  ciliated cells, GC  =  goblet cells, BM  =  basement membrane, LP  =  lamina propria, TBC  =  terminal bronchiole.</p

A predominant quantity of Siaα2-6Gal receptor on <i>N</i>-glycans in the trachea (upper and lower) and lungs of a pig.

<p>A predominant quantity of Siaα2-6Gal receptor on <i>N</i>-glycans in the trachea (upper and lower) and lungs of a pig.</p

Amounts of α2,3- and α2,6-sialyl receptors in comparison with those of the other outer residues present on <i>N</i>-glycans derived from the porcine trachea (upper and lower) and lungs of a pig.

<p>Amounts of α2,3- and α2,6-sialyl receptors in comparison with those of the other outer residues present on <i>N</i>-glycans derived from the porcine trachea (upper and lower) and lungs of a pig.</p

Structures and relative quantities of neutral, mono- and di-sialyl PA-oligosaccharides derived from the porcine upper trachea, lower trachea and lungs of a pig.

<p>a, mol % was calculated from the peak area in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0016302#pone-0016302-g003" target="_blank">Figure 3</a> by comparison with total <i>N</i>-glycan content in each porcine tissue. b, Structures of PA-oligosaccharides are represented by symbols as follows: red diamond, NeuAcα2-6; purple diamond, NeuAcα2-3; green diamond, NeuGcα2-6; light blue diamond, NeuGcα2-3; yellow circle with α, α-galactose(Gal); yellow circle, galactose; blue square, N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc); green circle, mannose (Man), red triangle, fucose (Fuc). c, Units of glucose (GU) were calculated from the elution times of the peaks obtained from the ODS column in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0016302#pone-0016302-g003" target="_blank">Figure 3</a>.</p

Anion exchange DEAE elution profiles of PA-glycans derived from the porcine trachea (upper and lower) and lungs.

<p>The PA-glycans were fractionated according to their sialic acid content as neutral, mono-, and di-sialyl oligosaccharide fractions as indicated.</p

Sensitive and Direct Detection of Receptor Binding Specificity of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A Virus in Clinical Samples

<div><p>Influenza A virus (IAV) recognizes two types of <i>N</i>-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) by galactose (Gal) linkages, Neu5Acα2,3Gal and Neu5Acα2,6Gal. Avian IAV preferentially binds to Neu5Acα2,3Gal linkage, while human IAV preferentially binds to Neu5Acα2,6Gal linkage, as a virus receptor. Shift in receptor binding specificity of avian IAV from Neu5Acα2,3Gal linkage to Neu5Acα2,6Gal linkage is generally believed to be a critical factor for its transmission ability among humans. Surveillance of this shift of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian IAV (HPAI) is thought to be a very important for prediction and prevention of a catastrophic pandemic of HPAI among humans. In this study, we demonstrated that receptor binding specificity of IAV bound to sialo-glycoconjugates was sensitively detected by quantifying the HA gene with real-time reverse-transcription-PCR. The new assay enabled direct detection of receptor binding specificity of HPAIs in chicken clinical samples including trachea and cloaca swabs in only less than 4 h.</p> </div

Measurement of membrane stiffness using optical tweezers

<p>. A. Diagram of the displacement of the bead by the optical tweezers. A collagen-coated bead (2 μm in diameter) was attached to the cell membrane using optical tweezers and held in position for a short time. ‘Laser on’, the path of the bead forced by the laser; ‘laser off’, the path of the bead without laser force. Blue arrow, forced direction of the bead; arrow outlined in black, displacement of the bead. Colored forms, membrane proteins; red bars, structural proteins; hemispheres, beads; I, initial position of the bead; S, stopping position of the bead; B, tracing of the bead with the laser on or off; C, tracing of the displacement of the bead for 1000 ms.</p

Detection of receptor binding specificity of avian and human viruses by real-time PCR.

<p>A microplate was immobilized with 200 ng/well of α2,3PGA or α2,6PGA and then blocked with 1% lipid-free BSA in PBS at 4 °C overnight. Avian IAV D313 (A) and human IAV M71 (B) (2° HAU, 50 μl/well) were incubated for 2 h at 4 °C on microplates that were immobilized with α2,3PGA or α2,6PGA. Viral RNAs of viruses bound to α2,3PGA or α2,6PGA were extracted. Viruses that bound to α2,3PGA or α2,6PGA were measured as copy number of HA cDNA by using real-time PCR. Each value (S.E.) is the average from three independent experiments. The general property for receptor binding specificities (preferential binding of avian IAV to Neu5Acα2,3Gal and of human IAV to Neu5Acα2,6Gal) was detected.</p