Mg/O₂ Battery Based on the Magnesium-Aluminum Chloride Complex (MACC) Electrolyte

Mg/O₂ cells employing a MgCl₂/AlCl₃/DME (MACC/DME) electrolyte are cycled and compared to cells with modified Grignard electrolytes, showing that performance of magnesium/oxygen batteries depends strongly on electrolyte composition. Discharge capacity is far greater for MACC/DME-based cells, while rechargeability in these systems is severely limited. The Mg/O₂-MACC/DME discharge product comprises a mixture of Mg­(ClO₄)₂ and MgCl₂, with the latter likely formed from slow decomposition of the former. The presence of Cl in these compounds suggests that the electrolyte participates in the cell reaction or reacts readily with the initial electrochemical products. A rate study suggests that O₂ diffusion in the electrolyte limits discharge capacities at higher currents. Formation of an insulating product film on the positive electrodes of Mg/O₂-MACC/DME cells following deep discharge increases cell impedance substantially and likely explains the poor rechargeability. An additional impedance rise consistent with film formation on the Mg negative electrode suggests the presence of detrimental O₂ crossover. Minimizing O₂ crossover and bypassing charge transfer through the discharge product would improve battery performance

Dynamics of rheumatoid joint

In the present communication the recent works done by the Rheumatism Research Group of Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Okayama University, are described. The principal findings may briefly be summarized as follows. 1. Pathohistological pictures of the synovial membrane are classified into six types. Among them, Fibrinoid type and Follicular-Fibrosis type are the representative ones of chronic rheumatoid arthritis. 2. For the evaluation of the systemic as well as the local activities in rheumatoid arthritis and for judging the therapeutic effect, some indices have been established. 3. Injection of steroid hormones into the local joints fails to give satisfactory results in advanced, chronic rheumatoid arthritis. In such instances the flushing of the joint with physiological saline solution is effective. 4. In the case of chronic rheumatoid arthritis where the inflammation of hand and phalangeal joints is marked, RA-test gives rapid and more intense reaction, and most of such cases are of Follicular-Fibrosis type. 5. When lymph follicles appearing in the synovial membrane are stained when methyl green pyronine, the arrangement of lymphoid cells and plasma cells becomes distinctly clear. By micro-autoradiographic observations it can be seen that ³H-thymindine injected into the joint cavity is mostly ingested by the lymphoid cells in lymph follicles. 6. In the observation by the fluorescent antibody method multinuclear leucocytes found in the joint fluid and in the peripheral blood react with 19S and 7S-gamma-globulins. 7. When the serum and the joint fluid of the patient with rheumatoid arthritis are fractionated, they separate into three peaks at 19S, 7S, and 4S. Both S. S. C. A.-test and L. F. T. tests reveal the peak at 19S. The serum of chronic hepatitis positive to RA-test and the serum of rheumatoid arthritis are found to react immunologically the same to anti-&#946;2 M globulin sheep serum. 8. When the reticulo-endothelial system of rat is blocked by 900,000 molecules of poly-vinyl-pyrroridon, the ability of antibody production is diminished. 9. Chemical synovectomy of injecting osmic acid is effective to FibrinoidCoating type. Its action mechanism lies in the complete cleaning of the surface of synovial membrane. 10. By radiating synovectomy with 193Au a fairly good result can be expected. 198Au is ingested by those cells in the surface layer of the synovial membrane and also by histiocytes in the synovial membrane. When 5 mc of 198Au are injected into the knee joint, a marked necrosis of the synovial membrane occurs. When 198Au is added to the ascites cells of rabbit during the tissue culture, in the concentration of over 14 &#956;C degeneration of these cells can be recognized. 11. From the examination results of prognosis on those 25 cases with 41 rheumatoid knee joints after surgical synovectomy, it is considered that this method is indicated for Follicular-Fibrosis type. Ones with rheumatoid knee joint of Fibrinoid-Coating type gold sol treatment should be resorted to. In the cases of hand joints, surgical synovectemy is to be recommended at a relatively early stage.</p

慢性関節リウマチの線維素溶解現象に関する研究

For the purpose to clarify the role played by plasmin, a proteolytic enzyme, in rheumatoid arthritis, the fibrinolytic activities of the sera and synovial fluids from rheumatoid arthritic patients were studied. The results are briefly presented as follows: 1. In rheumatoid arthritis it was found that the fibrinolytic activity was higher in the serum and synovial membrane than that in normal individuals. 2. The fibrinolytic activies in the group of patients showing the serum and synovial fluid positive to CRP reaction were more marked than those in the negatiye group. 3. In the active stage of rheumatic activity the serum fibrinolysis was also more marked than that at the rest stage. In the observations carried out for a long period of time on individual cases the extent of the serum fibrinolysis coincided well with the rheumatic activity. 4. There was a correlation between the fibrinolysis of synovial fluid and the quantity of fluid accumulated. 5. The fibrinolytic activities of the synovial fluid obtained from the knee joint previously injected with osmic acid paralleled well with the inflammatory symptoms, and also parallaled with the amounts of fluid accumulated as well as with the synovial response to CRP reaction and the cell counts. 6. In those of coating type where fibrin exudate on the synovial membrane was copious histopathologically, they also showed high fibrinolytic activity of synovial fluid

Electrochemistry of Magnesium Electrolytes in Ionic Liquids for Secondary Batteries

The electrochemistry of Mg salts in room-temperature ionic liquids (ILs) was studied using plating/stripping voltammetry to assess the viability of IL solvents for applications in secondary Mg batteries. Borohydride (BH₄^–), trifluoromethanesulfonate (TfO^–), and bis­(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)­imide (Tf₂N^–) salts of Mg were investigated. Three ILs were considered: l-<i>n</i>-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (BMIM)-Tf₂N, <i>N</i>-methyl-<i>N</i>-propylpiperidinium (PP13)-Tf₂N, and <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-diethyl-<i>N</i>-methyl­(2-methoxyethyl)­ammonium (DEME⁺) tetrafluoroborate (BF₄^–). Salts and ILs were combined to produce binary solutions in which the anions were structurally similar or identical, if possible. Contrary to some prior reports, no salt/IL combination appeared to facilitate reversible Mg plating. In solutions containing BMIM⁺, oxidative activity near 0.8 V vs Mg/Mg²⁺ is likely associated with the BMIM cation, rather than Mg stripping. The absence of voltammetric signatures of Mg plating from ILs with Tf₂N^– and BF₄^– suggests that strong Mg/anion Coulombic attraction inhibits electrodeposition. Cosolvent additions to Mg­(Tf₂N)₂/PP13-Tf₂N were explored but did not result in enhanced plating/stripping activity. The results highlight the need for IL solvents or cosolvent systems that promote Mg²⁺ dissociation