N,N′-[1,3-Phenylenebis(methyl­ene)]dibenzene­sulfonamide

The complete mol­ecule of the title compound, C20H20N2O4S2, is generated by crystallographic twofold symmetry, with two C atoms lying on the rotation axis. The dihedral angle between the central benzene ring and the pendant ring is 68.42 (6)° and the dihedral angle between the pendant rings is 45.11 (5)°. The torsion angles for the C—S—N—C and S—N—C—C fragments are −73.22 (15) and −150.45 (13)°, respectively. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, generating corrugated (001) sheets. Aromatic π–π stacking [centroid–centroid separation = 3.8925 (12) and 3.9777 (12) Å] and weak C—H⋯O inter­actions also occur

N,N′-Diethyl-N,N′-[1,3-phenylene­bis(methyl­ene)]dibenzene­sulfonamide

In the title compound, C24H28N2O4S2, the dihedral angles between the central benzene ring and the pendant rings are 77.44 (11) and 79.23 (10)°, and the dihedral angle between the pendant rings is 23.31 (12)°. Both sulfonamide groups project to the same side of the central benzene ring and the mol­ecule has approximate non-crystallographic mirror symmetry. One of the ethyl side chains is disordered over two sets of sites in a 0.526 (14):0.474 (14) ratio. In the crystal, inversion dimers linked by pairs of weak C—H⋯O inter­actions occur, generating R 2 2(28) loops

The Impact of Task-Based Language Teaching on Learning English Grammar at Secondary School Level

The current study analyzed the impact of TBLT on the learning of grammar at the secondary school level in Faisalabad. The research was based on thobjectives to see the role of TBLT at the secondary school level and how it could impact the grammar learning of students at the secondary school level. 8pupils were selected as samples for the research based on the random sampling method and the researcher used a pretest-posttest experimental group desigfor the study because of its experimental nature. The researcher used an independent sample t-test for comparing the average scores of experimental ancontrol groups so that the impact of TBLT in the experimental group was compared with the traditional approach used by teachers for teaching grammar tothe control group. The results of the research concluded that the TBLT approach was significantly better for the learning of grammar by the pupils at thsecondary school level. It was concluded that the usage of the TBLT approach enhanced the grammar competence of students more than the traditionaapproach for teaching grammar used by teachers in schools. The research provided and elaborated on TBLT so that it could be implemented for the learninand teaching of grammar

Meta-analysis of cancer transcriptomes: A new approach to uncover molecular pathological events in different cancer tissues

To explore secrets of metastatic cancers, individual expression of true sets of respective genes must spread across the tissue. In this study, meta-analysis for transcriptional profiles of oncogenes was carried out to hunt critical genes or networks helping in metastasizing cancers. For this, transcriptomic analysis of different cancerous tissues causing leukemia, lung, liver, spleen, colorectal, colon, breast, bladder, and kidney cancers was performed by extracting microarray expression data from online resource; Gene Expression Omnibus. A newly developed bioinformatics technique; Dynamic Impact Approach (DIA) was applied for enrichment analysis of transcriptional profiles using Database for Annotation Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID). Furthermore, oPOSSUM (v. 2.0) and Cytoscape (v. 2.8.2) were used for in-depth analysis of transcription factors and regulatory gene networks respectively. DAVID analysis uncovered the most significantly enriched pathways in molecular functions that were 'Ubiquitin thiolesterase activity' up regulated in blood, breast, bladder, colorectal, lung, spleen, prostrate cancer. 'Transforming growth factor beta receptor activity' was inhibited in all cancers except leukemia, colon and liver cancer. oPOSSUM further revealed highly over-represented Transcription Factors (TFs); Broad-complex_3, Broad-complex_4, and Foxd3 except for leukemia and bladder cancer. From these findings, it is possible to target genes and networks, play a crucial role in the development of cancer. In the future, these transcription factors can serve as potential candidates for the therapeutic drug targets which can impede the deadly spread

Underpinning the neurological source of executive function following cross hemispheric tDCS stimulation

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a promising technique for enhancement of executive functions in healthy as well as neurologically disturbed patients. However, the evidence regarding the neuropsychological and behavioral change with neurophysiological shifts as well as the mechanism of tDCS action as evidenced by activation of neuronal sources important for executive functions have remained unaddressed. The study thereby endeavors to (1) determine the neuropsychological, behavioral, and neurophysiological change induced with five sessions of bilateral tDCS stimulation and (2) identify putative neuronal sources related to the executive functions responsible for neuropsychological and behavioral change. For this single blinded study, a total of 40 healthy participants, randomly allocated to active (n = 19) or sham (n = 21) groups completed five sessions of 2 mA tDCS stimulation administered over Dorso-Lateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) (F3 as anode, F4 as cathode). Repeated measure analysis was performed on neuropsychological (Everyday Memory Questionnaire and Mindful Attention Awareness Scale), and behavioral assessment (n-Back and Stroop tests) to investigate within and between group differences. Pre and post neurophysiological (Electroencephalogram) results showed that bilateral tDCS stimulation activates cortical regions responsible for executive functions including updation (working memory) and inhibition (interference control or attention). Multiple sessions of bilateral tDCS stimulation results in a significant increase in theta, alpha, and beta-band activity in the DLPFC, cingulate and parietal cortex. This study provides evidence that tDCS can be used for performance enhancement of executive functions in able-bodied people

Molecular Study on the Prevalence of Respiratory Mycoplasma Species in Small Ruminants of Kuchlak, District Quetta and

Abstract.-Respiratory diseases of small ruminants are among the most important problems throughout the world as well as in Balochistan, Pakistan. Various Mycoplasma species lead to pneumonia and other respiratory diseases in sheep and goats and inflict heavy economic losses in Balochistan. The aim of present study was to highlight the prevalence of respiratory Mycoplasma species in nasal swab samples of sheep and goats through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and further validation through Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). In total, 240 nasal swab samples of Rakhshani breed of sheep and 200 nasal swab samples of Khurasani breed of goats were collected in 2011 from randomly selected sheep from Khanozai district, Pishin and goats from Kuchlak, district Quetta respectively. The extracted DNA samples were analyzed using the PCR for Mycoplasma mycoides cluster group, Mycoplasma mycoides sub-cluster group, Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae (Mccp), Mycoplasma capricolum subsp capricolum (Mcc) and Mycoplasma putrefaciens (Mp). The highest prevalence of 7.5% (n=18) was observed for Mycoplasma mycoides cluster members , followed by 6.25% (n=15) for Mycoplasma mycoides subcluster members, 5% (n=12) for Mp and 1.25% (n=3) for Mcc .Further none of the prevalence was seen for Mccp. The present PCR results for the Mycoplasma mycoides sub-cluster members were further validated by the RFLP, with the yield of three fragments (230, 178, and 153bps) specific for Mmc. Furthermore comparable results for various Mycoplasma species using PCR were also observed in goats. The PCR based prevalence of different mycoplasma species in sheep and goats in the study area is alarming and needs attention to contain the mycoplasmosis using efficacious mycoplasma vaccines

Protective Effect of Butanolic Fraction of Delphinium brunonianum on Fructose-Mediated Metabolic Alterations in Rats

The present study was conducted with an intent to evaluate the protective effect of butanolic fraction of Delphinium brunonianum on fructose mediated metabolic abnormalities in rats. Rats in all groups except control group were fed on 10% fructose for 6 weeks; however, rats in the treated group also received butanolic fraction for the last 3 weeks, along with the fructose. Moreover, phytoconstituents present in butanolic fraction were analyzed using LC-MS. All doses of butanolic fraction profoundly reduce the fructose-induced blood pressure, sympathetic over-activity, and weight gain. Furthermore, butanolic fraction prominently reduces the glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia in fructose-fed rats. On treatment with butanolic fraction, oxidative enzymes and the functionality of the aorta was also restored. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of several active constituents including bergenin, scopolin, rutinoside, kaempferol, coumaric acid, apigenin, and gingerol. In conclusion, butanolic fraction of Delphinium brunonianum has the potential to prevent and recover the fructose-induced metabolic perturbations