Die Ursünde der Philologie? Zu M. A. Lenz’ Arbeit ‚Genie und Blut‘ über Rassedenken in der italienischen Philologie

Markus Alexander Lenz, Genie und Blut: Rassedenken in der italienischen Philologie des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts (Paderborn: Fink, 2014), kart., 405 S.<br /

The ascertainment of customary law : what is ascertainment of customary law and what is it for?

Traditional communities are no longer homogeneous. Before, basically everybody knew what the law of the community was. There is a growing understanding that the legal complexity experienced in urban settlements where various customary laws apply needs attention. There is also a growing acceptance that the verdict of the chief is not necessarily the last word: dissatisfied parties may take that verdict on appeal to a state court whose judges will not necessarily know what the customary law applied by the court a quo.The Namibian approach to ascertaining customary law has become known as the self-statement of customary law. Self-stating customary law refers to a process of ascertaining customary law by the owners of the law to be ascertained, namely the people and the traditional leaders as the custodians of customary law. The most important element in self-stating is that the end result will be a product created in the community that is required to follow and apply the law concerned.The fact that the author of this paper - based on his experience with customary law in Namibia - had the opportunity to work for the then Ministry of Legal Affairs and Constitutional Development of the Government of Southern Sudan and the United Nations Development Programme in the development of a customary law strategy for Southern Sudan adds special value to the Namibian experience and its analysis. Las comunidades tradicionales ya no son homog&eacute;neas. Antes todo el mundo conoc&iacute;a cu&aacute;l era la ley de la comunidad. Sin embargo, cada vez se asume m&aacute;s que hay que prestar atenci&oacute;n a la complejidad legal existente en asentamientos urbanos en los que se aplican diferentes derechos consuetudinarios. Tambi&eacute;n hay una creciente aceptaci&oacute;n de que el veredicto del jefe no es necesariamente la &uacute;ltima palabra: las partes descontentas pueden recurrir el veredicto ante un tribunal estatal, cuyos jueces puede que no conozcan el derecho consuetudinario aplicado por el tribunal a quo.El enfoque de Namibia para determinar el derecho consuetudinario se conoce como la auto-afirmaci&oacute;n del derecho consuetudinario. Por auto-afirmaci&oacute;n se entiende el proceso de establecer el derecho consuetudinario por los propietarios del derecho que se va a determinar, concretamente el pueblo y los l&iacute;deres tradicionales, como conservadores del derecho consuetudinario. El elemento m&aacute;s importante en la auto-afirmaci&oacute;n es que el resultado final ser&aacute; un producto creado dentro de la comunidad que est&aacute; obligada a cumplir y aplicar la ley en cuesti&oacute;n.El hecho de que el autor de este art&iacute;culo &ndash;basado en su experiencia con el derecho consuetudinario en Namibia&ndash; tuviera la oportunidad de trabajar para el entonces Ministerio de Asuntos Jur&iacute;dicos y Desarrollo Constitucional del Gobierno de Sud&aacute;n del Sur y el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo, en el desarrollo de una estrategia de derecho consuetudinario para Sud&aacute;n del Sur, ofrece un valor a&ntilde;adido a la experiencia de Namibia y su an&aacute;lisis. DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2100337</p

Massenkult und Todessymbolik in der nationalsozialistischen Architektur

Digitised version produced by the EUI Library and made available online in 2020

Rechtswissenschaft und Familienforschung, illustriert an familienrechtlichen Fragen

Das Interesse der Rechtswissenschaft an der Familienforschung reicht über das Familienrecht weit hinaus, z.B. bei dem Problem der Zukunft der Rentenversicherung. Der Generationenvertrag funktioniert nicht mehr, wenn zu wenige jüngere Erwerbstätige für zu viele Rentner aufkommen müssen, die überdies immer älter werden. Am Anfang dieses Jahrhunderts hatte fast jedes zweite Ehepaar vier oder mehr Kinder, 70 Jahre später trifft das nur noch bei jeder 20. Familie zu. Hier ist zu fragen, wie sich das mit dem in Art. 6 Abs. 1 Grundgesetz (GG) gewährleisteten 'besonderen Schutz der staatlichen Ordnung' für Ehe und Familie verträgt. (TL2

Snapshots of sequential polyphosphide rearrangement upon metallatetrylene addition

Insertion and functionalization of gallasilylenes [L$^{Ph}$Si–Ga(Cl)L$^{BDI}$] (L$^{Ph}$ = PhC(NtBu)$_{2}$; L$^{BDI}$ = [{2,6-iPr$_{2}$C$_{6}$H$_{3}$NCMe}$_{2}$CH]) into the cyclo-E$_{5}$ rings of [Cp*Fe(η$^{5}$-E$_{5}$)] (Cp* = η$^{5}$-C$_{5}$Me$_{5}$; E = P, As) are reported. Reactions of [Cp*Fe(η$^{5}$-E$_{5}$)] with gallasilylene result in E–E/Si–Ga bond cleavage and the insertion of the silylene in the cyclo-E$_{5}$ rings. [(L$^{Ph}$Si-Ga(Cl)L$^{BDI}$){(η$^{4}$-P$_{5}$)FeCp*}], in which the Si atom binds to the bent cyclo-P$_{5}$ ring, was identified as a reaction intermediate. The ring-expansion products are stable at room temperature, while isomerization occurred at higher temperature, and the silylene moiety further migrates to the Fe atom, forming the corresponding ring-construction isomers. Furthermore, reaction of [Cp*Fe(η$^{5}$-As$_{5}$)] with the heavier gallagermylene [LL$^{Ph}$Ge–Ga(Cl)L$^{BDI}$B] was also investigated. All the isolated complexes represent rare examples of mixed group 13/14 iron polypnictogenides, which could only be synthesized by taking advantage of the cooperativity of the gallatetrylenes featuring low-valent Si(II) or Ge(II) and Lewis acidic Ga(III) units/entities

Down-regulation of the pro-apoptotic XIAP associated factor-1 (XAF1) during progression of clear-cell renal cancer

BACKGROUND: Decreased expression of the interferon-stimulated, putative tumour suppressor gene XAF1 has been shown to play a role during the onset, progression and treatment failure in various malignancies. However, little is yet known about its potential implication in the tumour biology of clear-cell renal cell cancer (ccRCC). METHODS: This study assessed the expression of XAF1 protein in tumour tissue obtained from 291 ccRCC patients and 68 normal renal tissue samples, utilizing immunohistochemistry on a tissue-micro-array. XAF1 expression was correlated to clinico-pathological tumour features and prognosis. RESULTS: Nuclear XAF1 expression was commonly detected in normal renal- (94.1%) and ccRCC (91.8%) samples, without significant differences of expression levels. Low XAF1 expression in ccRCC tissue, however, was associated with progression of tumour stage (p = 0.040) and grade (p < 0.001). Low XAF1 tumour levels were also prognostic of significantly shortened overall survival times in univariate analysis (p = 0.018), but did not provide independent prognostic information. CONCLUSION: These data suggest down-regulation of XAF1 expression to be implicated in ccRCC progression and implies that its re-induction may provide a therapeutic approach. Although the prognostic value of XAF1 in ccRCC appears to be limited, its predictive value remains to be determined, especially in patients with metastatic disease undergoing novel combination therapies of targeted agents with Interferon-alpha

The Dualism of Contemporary Traditional Governance and the State

In many parts of the world, people live in “dual polities”: they are governed by the state and organize collective decision making within their ethnic community according to traditional rules. We examine the substantial body of works on the traditional–state dualism, focusing on the internal organization of traditional polities, their interaction with the state, and the political consequences of the dualism. We find the descriptions of the internal organization of traditional polities scattered and lacking comparative perspective. The literature on the interaction provides a good starting point for theorizing the strategic role of traditional leaders as intermediaries, but large potentials for inference remain underexploited. Studies on the consequences of “dual polities” for democracy, conflict, and development are promising in their explanatory endeavor, but they do not yet allow for robust conclusions. We therefore propose an institutionalist research agenda addressing the need for theory and for systematic data collection and explanatory approaches