Summary of the Orbiter mechanical systems

Major mechanical systems of the Orbiter space vehicle are summarized with respect to general design details, manner of operation, expected performance, and, where applicable, unique features. A synopsis of data obtained during the five atmospheric flight tests of spacecraft OV-101 and status of the systems for the first orbital spacecraft STS-1 are presented

Uniaxial and biaxial tensioning effects on thin membrane materials

Thin laminated membranes are being considered for various surface applications on future large space structural systems. Some of the thin membranes would be stretched across or between structural members with the requirement that the membrane be maintained within specified limits of smoothness which would be dictated by the particular applications such as antenna reflector requirements. The multiaxial tensile force required to maintain the smoothness in the membrane needs to be determined for use in the structure design. Therefore, several types of thicknesses of thin membrane materials have been subjected to varied levels of uniaxial and biaxial tensile loads. During the biaxial tests, deviations of the material surface smoothness were measured by a noncontacting capacitance probe. Basic materials consisted of composites of vacuum deposited aluminum on Mylar and Kapton ranging in thickness from 0.00025 in (0.000635 cm) to 0.002 in (0.00508 cm). Some of the material was reinforced with Kevlar and Nomex scrim. The uniaxial tests determined the material elongation and tensile forces up to ultimate conditions. Biaxial tests indicated that a relatively smooth material surface could be achieved with tensile force of approximately 1 to 15 Newtons per centimeter, depending upon the material thickness and/or reinforcement

The aerodynamic design of an advanced rotor airfoil

An advanced rotor airfoil, designed utilizing supercritical airfoil technology and advanced design and analysis methodology is described. The airfoil was designed subject to stringent aerodynamic design criteria for improving the performance over the entire rotor operating regime. The design criteria are discussed. The design was accomplished using a physical plane, viscous, transonic inverse design procedure, and a constrained function minimization technique for optimizing the airfoil leading edge shape. The aerodynamic performance objectives of the airfoil are discussed

There\u27s No Place Like Home

A sterile description of home includes words like “house, apartment, or other shelter” and “usual residence” of a person or group. However, this simple four-letter word holds a wealth of different meanings depending on the person and their perspective at certain time in their life’s journey. Pliny the Elder said, “Home is where the heart is,” and Leon Redbone referred to home as “where you hang your hat.” I have knickknack in my home, a gift from a dear friend, which says, “Home is where the Army sends you.” Military service members from any country can tell you exactly what they consider home and what they miss most when away attending the needs of the nation. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., reflected “Where we love is home – home that our feet may leave, but not our hearts.”doing that which you are called to do, or where you belong.” For some, home is a place having four walls and a roof with a specific address. Helen Rowland saw home as “any four walls that enclose the right person.”For others, home is a people, as in family, an institution, or an organization. From a religious standpoint, home is communion with a deity and within some constructs, an active, intimate, and personal relationship with said deity. One of the many beautiful characteristics of home is that it is not simply one of these concepts, but rather many and in various combinations and mixtures of these concepts. These combinations are as unique to each person as their DNA. Having recently retired from my service to the United States Army, I find myself considering the myriad unique qualities of home in my own heart and mind. In my travels, I experienced a kaleidoscope of home from all over the world. In my observations, the most common ideas of home include people more than structures, relationships more than possessions, and communion and harmony more than contention and discord. Home is where love grows and is shared between each of us and God through Jesus Christ and by the Holy Spirit. Throughout history, many composers have captured the essence of these concepts in their personal avenues of expression through music. Within this program, I gathered a very limited collection of my own ideas of home from personal experiences and experiences of friends’ pleasant memories with the hope of stirring warm thoughts of home within your heart and soul

Electrostatic forming and testing of polymer films on a 16-foot diameter test fixture

The large space systems technology program investigated different forms of large, lightweight, deployable structures which could be carried on the Space Shuttle. Different forms and concepts of antennas as a type of large space system were investigated. The electrostatically controlled membrane reflector made of metallized material concept was chosen. The concept is a good candidate for creating an antenna with high surface quality and has the ability to be packaged and deployed from the Shuttle with a significant reduction in weight compared to other antenna types

Study of a fluidic attitude control system for a solar probe spacecraft, phase I Technical engineering report

Evaluation of fluidic elements, sensors, and components for designing fluidic attitude control system for Solar Probe Spacecraf

Martian meso/micro-scale winds and surface energy budget

Regional, diurnal and seasonal variations of surface temperature are particularly large on Mars. This is mostly due to the Martian surface remaining close to radiative equilibrium. Contrary to most terrestrial locations, contributions of sensible heat flux (i.e. conduction/convection exchanges between atmosphere and surface) to the surface energy budget [hereinafter SEB] are negligible on Mars owing to lowatmospheric density and heat capacity (e.g. Figure 2 in Savijärvi and Kauhanen, 2008). This radiative control of surface temperature is a key characteristic of the Martian environment and has crucial consequences on the the Martian geology, meteorology, exobiology, etc. In order to identify the impact of this Martian peculiarity to near-surface regional-to-local atmospheric circulations, we employ our recently-built Martian limited-area meteorological model (Spiga and Forget, 2009). We use horizontal resolutions adapted to the dynamical phenomena we aim to resolve: from several tens of kilometers to compute regional winds (mesoscale simulations) to several tens of meters to compute atmospheric boundary-layer winds (microscale or turbulent-resolving simulations, also called Large-Eddy Simulations, LES)

Driving human motor cortical oscillations leads to behaviorally relevant changes in local GABAA inhibition: a tACS-TMS study

Beta and gamma oscillations are the dominant oscillatory activity in the human motor cortex (M1). However, their physiological basis and precise functional significance remain poorly understood. Here, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to examine the physiological basis and behavioral relevance of driving beta and gamma oscillatory activity in the human M1 using transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS). tACS was applied using a sham-controlled crossover design at individualized intensity for 20 min and TMS was performed at rest (before, during, and after tACS) and during movement preparation (before and after tACS). We demonstrated that driving gamma frequency oscillations using tACS led to a significant, duration-dependent decrease in local resting-state GABAA inhibition, as quantified by short interval intracortical inhibition. The magnitude of this effect was positively correlated with the magnitude of GABAA decrease during movement preparation, when gamma activity in motor circuitry is known to increase. In addition, gamma tACS-induced change in GABAA inhibition was closely related to performance in a motor learning task such that subjects who demonstrated a greater increase in GABAA inhibition also showed faster short-term learning. The findings presented here contribute to our understanding of the neurophysiological basis of motor rhythms and suggest that tACS may have similar physiological effects to endogenously driven local oscillatory activity. Moreover, the ability to modulate local interneuronal circuits by tACS in a behaviorally relevant manner provides a basis for tACS as a putative therapeutic intervention.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Gamma oscillations have a vital role in motor control. Using a combined tACS-TMS approach, we demonstrate that driving gamma frequency oscillations modulates GABAA inhibition in the human motor cortex. Moreover, there is a clear relationship between the change in magnitude of GABAA inhibition induced by tACS and the magnitude of GABAA inhibition observed during task-related synchronization of oscillations in inhibitory interneuronal circuits, supporting the hypothesis that tACS engages endogenous oscillatory circuits. We also show that an individual's physiological response to tACS is closely related to their ability to learn a motor task. These findings contribute to our understanding of the neurophysiological basis of motor rhythms and their behavioral relevance and offer the possibility of developing tACS as a therapeutic tool

Chikashsha alhihaat Chikashshanompa\u27 anompoli katihma: Chickasaws are still speaking Chikashshanompa\u27

Holisso mako̲ anompa toklo\u27 ishtiiholissochitok, Chikashshanompa\u27 micha Naahollimanompa\u27. Hopaakikaash Chikashsha mó̲ma\u27at i̲yaakni\u27 sipokni\u27 áyya\u27shattook. 1837aash Naahollo i̲naalhpisa\u27at pomokloshi\u27 wihat kanallichittook. Pomokloshaat Hattak Api\u27ma\u27 I̲yaakni\u27 onat tahattook. Pomanompa\u27at impállaminattookookya kaniya\u27ookya iláyya\u27shakmat Chikashsha ilittimanompohó̲li katihma. Chikashsha alhihaat ittimanompoli aaissa ki\u27yokittook. Chikashsha sipóngni\u27at imanompa\u27 imaabahánchi bíyyi\u27kanattook. Mako\u27no imaabahánchi katihma. Pomanompa\u27at ikshoka\u27chi imahoobookya ki\u27yokittook. Anompa\u27at tibi\u27 kolofa\u27 chohmittook. Ittonchololit ishtayattook. 2007aash po̲minko\u27 Bill Anoatubbyat Chickasaw Language Revitalization Program ikbittook. Sipóngni\u27, anompa\u27 shaali\u27 cho\u27maat ibaatoksalit ishtayattook. Chikashsha alhihaat Chikashshanompa\u27 anompoli katihma. Pomanompaat bílli\u27yacha bílli\u27ya. This Chronicle, written in both Chikashshanompa\u27 (Chickasaw language) and English, reflects on the efforts of Chikashsha okla (Chickasaw people) to reclaim and revitalize Chikashshanompa\u27. Over time and for a variety of reasons—including Removal, English-only schooling, intermarriage with non-Chikashsha, and economic depression—many people stopped speaking Chikashshanompa\u27. Still, those who cared deeply for the language tended to it, making it possible for future generations to learn and to speak Chikashshanompa\u27. Because of the Chikashshanompa\u27 revitalization and reclamation work, undertaken by many, Chikashsha alhihaat Chikashshanompa\u27 anompoli katihma—Chickasaws are still speaking Chickasaw

Patient centred diagnosis: sharing diagnostic decisions with patients in clinical practice.

Patient centred diagnosis is best practised through shared decision making; an iterative dialogue between doctor and patient, whichrespects a patient’s needs, values, preferences, and circumstances. Shared decision making for diagnostic situations differs fundamentally from that for treatment decisions. This has important implications when considering its practical application. The nature of dialogue should be tailored to the specific diagnostic decision; scenarios with higher stakes or uncertainty usually require more detailed conversation