ANESTHETIC EFFECT OF TRICAINE METHANESULFONATE IN JUVENILE PAICHES (ARAPAIMA GIGAS)

El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo evaluar la efectividad anestésica del metasulfonato de tricaína (MS-222) en seis paiches (Arapaima gigas) juveniles (180-243 días). Los peces, procedentes de la ciudad de Iquitos, con peso promedio de 730 g, fueron transportados a la Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, en Lima. Los peces fueron expuestos en cuatro oportunidades a cuatro dosis de MS- 222 (25, 50, 75 y 100 mg/L), para evaluar la duración de la inducción y recuperación,así como la tasa de supervivencia post-anestesia. Se registró la frecuencia de ventilación opercular y la frecuencia cardiaca mediante ecografía, y se tomaron muestras de sangre para un análisis de hemograma pre y post-anestesia. El periodo de inducción fue menor y el periodo de recuperación fue mayor a medida que aumentó la concentración del anestésico. No se observaron diferencias estadísticas en los valores hematológicos y fisiológicos pre y post-anestesia. Se concluye que el MS-222 (100 ppm) tiene efectos anestésicos eficientes en paiches juveniles en la concentración de 100 mg/L.The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) as anesthetic in six juvenile paiches (Arapaima gigas)(180-243 days) with a body weight of 730 g. The specimens were brought from the Iquitos city to the Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia in Lima. They were exposed in four opportunities to four doses of MS-222 (25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/L) to evaluate the duration of induction and recovery as well as the survival rate post anesthesia. The opercular ventilation frequency was counted and heart rate was measured by ultrasound. Blood samples were collected and the haemogram values were obtained pre and post anesthesia. The induction period was shorter and the recovery period was higher when the concentration of anesthetic was increased. None statistical differences were found in the haemogram or in physiological values before and after anesthesia. It was concluded that the MS-222 (100 ppm) have efficient anesthetic effects in paiches at the 100 mg/L concentration

CONTRIBUCIÓN AL ESTUDIO DE LA PRESIÓN INTRAOCULAR NORMAL EN CANINOS MESTIZOS MEDIANTE LA TÉCNICA DE LA TONOMETRÍA

Normal intraocular pressure in mongrel dogs (Canis familiaris) was determined by the tonometry technique. A total of 60 healthy dogs between 1 to 4 years old were selected (30 males and 30 females). The results obtained with the Shiotz tonometer revealed that the values of intraocular pressure were 24.10 ± 1.02 and 24.30 ± 1.09 mm Hg for the right and left eye, respectively. No significative differences were found between right and left eye, or sexes. However, in males the right eye had a higher (P<0.05) intraocular pressure (26.48 + 1.27) than the left eye (20.15 + 1.59 mm Hg) .Normal intraocular pressure in mongrel dogs (Canis familiaris) was determined by the tonometry technique. A total of 60 healthy dogs between 1 to 4 years old were selected (30 males and 30 females). The results obtained with the Shiotz tonometer revealed that the values of intraocular pressure were 24.10 ± 1.02 and 24.30 ± 1.09 mm Hg for the right and left eye, respectively. No significative differences were found between right and left eye, or sexes. However, in males the right eye had a higher (P<0.05) intraocular pressure (26.48 + 1.27) than the left eye (20.15 + 1.59 mm Hg)

Detection of parasites in marine fish for human consumption in Lima

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la presencia de parásitos en cinco especies de peces marinos (Sarda chiliensis chiliensis – bonito, Scomber japonicus peruanus – caballa, Trachurus picturatus murphyi – jurel, Mugil cephalus – lisa, y Coryphaena hippurus – perico) destinados al consumo humano. Se utilizaron 150 peces (30 por especie) procedentes de los terminales pesqueros de Chorrillos y Villa María del Triunfo en la provincia de Lima, Perú, entre enero a marzo de 2014. Se encontraron 13 especies de parásitos: monogeneos (Monocotile sp), digeneos (Dinurus sp), protozoos (Henneguya sp), acantocéfalo (Rhadinorhynchus sp), cestodos (Diphyllobothrium pacificum, Hepatoxylon trichiuri, Tentacularia coryphaenae, Nybelinia sp), nematodos (Anisakis simplex, Anisakis physeteris, Contracaecum sp, Proleptus sp) y artrópodos (Caligus sp). El 61.3% de los especímenes presentaron al menos un parásito, habiendo una mayor prevalencia en lisa (86.7%), seguida de perico (76.7%). Asimismo, la mayor carga parasitaria se observó en lisa (424) y bonito (376). Los parásitos más frecuentes fueron Hepatoxylon trichiuri, Nybelinia sp y Proleptus sp. Asimismo, se encontraron parásitos de importancia en salud pública, como el Anisakis sp en todas las especies, a excepción de la lisa, y del Diphyllobothrium pacificum en bonito y perico.The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of parasites in five species of marine fish (Sarda chiliensis chiliensis [Eastern Pacific bonito], Scomber japonicus peruanus [Pacific chub mackerel], Trachurus picturatus murphyi [Chilean jack mackerel], Mugil cephalus [flathead grey mullet], and Coryphaena hippurus [common dolphinfish]) intended for human consumption. A total of 150 fish were used (30 per species) from the fishing terminals of Chorrillos and Villa María del Triunfo in the province of Lima, Peru, between January to March 2014. It was found 13 species of parasites: monogeneans (Monocotile sp), digenea (Dinurus sp), protozoa (Henneguya sp), acanthocephalan (Rhadinorhynchus sp), cestoda (Diphyllobothrium pacificum, Hepatoxylon trichiuri, Tentacularia coryphaenae, Nybelinia sp), nematoda (Anisakis simplex, Anisakis physeteris, Contracaecum sp, Proleptus sp) and arthropods (Caligus sp). The results showed that 61.3% of the specimens had at least one parasite, having the flathead grey mullet a higher prevalence (86.7%), followed by the common dolphinfish (76.7%). Similarly, greater parasite load was observed in flathead grey mullet (424) and Eastern Pacific bonito (376). The most common parasites were Hepatoxylon trichiuri, Nybelinia sp and Proleptus sp. Parasites of public health importance were found shuch as Anisakis sp in all species except for the flathead grey mullet and Diphyllobothrium pacificum in Eastern Pacific bonito and common dolphinfish

Response to chemotherapy against mediastinal lymphoma in a domestic cat

Se reporta el tratamiento de un caso de un felino doméstico macho castrado de 2 años y 6.8 kg de peso vivo con linfoma mediastínico. Al examen clínico mostró temperatura de 38 °C, disnea inspiratoria restrictiva superficial, tiempo de llenado capilar <2 s, frecuencia cardiaca de 140 lat/min, frecuencia respiratoria 62/min. En los análisis de laboratorio se encontró leucopenia con linfopenia y positivo al virus de la leucemia felina. En la radiografía y ecografía torácica se encontró presencia de efusión pleural moderada y una estructura redondeada hipoecoica de bordes irregulares, respectivamente. La toracocentesis reveló presencia de quilotorax y mediante la citología por punción de aguja fina de la estructura redondeada se dio como diagnóstico final linfoma mediastínico. Se instauró una quimioterapia con L-asparaginasa, vincristina, ciclofosfamida, doxorrubicina y prednisolona. El paciente sobrellevó ocho sesiones de quimioterapia hasta que por reacciones de toxicidad se decidió suspenderlas. Durante el tiempo de tratamiento se logró una remisión parcial del tumor, disminución significativa de la efusión y mejora de la calidad de vida del paciente. El principal efecto adverso fue la mielosupresión. Se logró un tiempo de sobrevida aproximado de más de 120 días.It is reported the treatment of a 2-year-old male castrated domestic feline, 6.8 kg of body weight, with mediastinal lymphoma. At clinical examination, it showed a temperature of 38 °C, superficial restrictive inspiratory dyspnea, <2 s capillary refill time, heart rate of 140 beats/min, respiratory rate 62/min. In the laboratory analyzes was found leukopenia with lymphopenia and positive for the feline leukemia virus. Radiography and thoracic ultrasound showed moderate pleural effusion and a rounded hypoechoic structure with irregular edges, respectively. The thoracocentesis revealed the presence of chylothorax and the cytology by fine needle puncture of the rounded structure allowed a final diagnosis of mediastinal lymphoma. A chemotherapy was instituted with L-asparaginase, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and prednisolone. The patient underwent eight chemotherapy sessions until, due to toxicity reactions, it was decided to suspend them. During the treatment period, a partial remission of the tumor, a significant decrease in the effusion and an improvement in the quality of life of the patient were achieved. The main adverse effect was myelosuppression. An approximate survival time of more than 120 days was reached

Influencia de las estaciones climáticas en la presencia de leptospirosis canina en el norte y centro de Lima, Perú

The aim of this study was to identify the behaviour of canine leptospirosis and its relationship with climatic seasons in the city of Lima, Peru. A retrospective study was designed analysing the results of canine sera that were evaluated with the micro-agglutination test (MAT) and its association with climatic data obtained from the National Meteorology and Hydrology System of Peru (SENAMHI) between 2014 and 2017. A generalized linear model was used to evaluate the association between positive cases to canine leptospirosis and the seasons, together with the adjustment of risk factors. The probability of presenting canine leptospirosis was higher in the spring-summer seasons compared to the autumn-winter season (p<0.05). Dogs diagnosed as positive were exposed to an air temperature of 20.6 °C and a relative humidity of 83.1%. Age, sex and place of origin showed no statistical association with the positive cases of Leptospira sp. It is concluded that the hottest seasons of the year (spring-summer) in the city of Lima are associated with canine leptospirosis.El objetivo del estudio fue identificar el comportamiento de la leptospirosis canina y su relación con las estaciones climáticas en la ciudad de Lima, Perú. Se diseñó un estudio retrospectivo analizando los resultados de sueros caninos que fueron evaluados con la prueba de microaglutinación (MAT) y su asociación con datos climáticos obtenidos del Sistema Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología del Perú (SENAMHI) entre los años 2014 al 2017. Para el análisis de datos se utilizó un modelo lineal generalizado para evaluar la asociación entre los casos positivos a leptospirosis canina y las estaciones del año, junto al ajuste de factores de riesgo. La probabilidad de presentación de leptospirosis canina fue mayor en las estaciones de primavera-verano con respecto a la estación de otoño-invierno (p<0.05). Los canes diagnosticados como positivos estuvieron expuestos a una mediana de temperatura ambiental de 20.6 °C y una mediana de humedad relativa de 83.1%. La edad, el sexo y el lugar de procedencia no mostraron asociación estadística con los casos positivos a Leptospira sp. Se concluye que las estaciones del año más calurosas (primavera-verano) en la ciudad de Lima están asociadas con la leptospirosis canina

Seroprevalence Neospora caninum in bovines of Lima and comparison between ELISA and IFAT

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la prevalencia de anticuerpos frente a Neospora caninum en bovinos de establos de la cuenca lechera del departamento de Lima, Perú, y la concordancia entre dos técnicas diagnósticas empleadas para la detección de anticuerpos en suero: ensayo de inmunoabsorción ligado a enzimas (ELISA) e inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI). El estudio se realizó entre junio de 2015 y diciembre de 2016 en muestras de suero de 3407 bovinos lecheros provenientes de 101 establos de Lima (Barranca, Huaura, Huaral, Canta, Lima, Huarochirí, Cañete y Yauyos). La prevalencia de la infección a N. caninum fue de 31.0% (1023/3407) obtenida por ELISA y 29.9% (1018/3407) por IFI. La concordancia entre ambas técnicas diagnósticas fue buena (K=0.98) y estadísticamente significativa (p<0.001). Asimismo, 69 de los 101 establos resultaron positivos (68.3%). Los resultados demostraron que los bovinos de establos lecheros de Lima tienen prevalencia individual moderada y alta prevalencia intra-rebaño frente a N. caninum.The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of antibodies against Neospora caninum in dairy cattle farms of the department of Lima, Peru, and the conconrdance between two diagnostic techniques used for the detection of antibodies in serum: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT). The study was conducted between June 2015 and December 2016 in serum samples of 3407 dairy cattle from 101 farms in Lima (Barranca, Huaura, Huaral, Canta, Lima, Huarochirí, Cañete and Yauyos). The prevalence of infection to N. caninum was 31.0% (1023/3407) by ELISA and 29.9% (1018/3407) by IFAT. The concordance between both diagnostic techniques was good (K=0.98) and statistically significant (p<0.001). Likewise, 69 of the 101 farms were positive (68.3%). The results showed that cattle from Lima dairy farms have moderate individual prevalence and high intra-herd prevalence against N. caninum

Estudio comparativo de las mejoras en las habilidades cognitivas y emocionales entre un currículo por objetivos y un currículo con enfoque por competencias en alumnos de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, UPCH, Perú

A comparative study of the improvements in cognitive and emotional skills is presented between an outcome-based curriculum, with innovation of active methodologies (2012-II), and a competency-based curriculum (2018-I), aiming to develop generic and specific competences by improving these skills. The evaluation of cognitive and emotional skills was done by adapting the Reuven’s Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory Survey (EQ-i). The survey was conducted twice in each semester. The results were compared to determine if there were improvements between the first and second surveys in each semester and between both curricula. Also, the results of academic indicators were compared. The number of students enrolled was 30 (2012-II) and 27 (2018-I) and the respondent rate exceeded 70%. The result referred to the improvement of cognitive skills, problem solving, showed an almost double improvement between the first and second surveys in both curricular proposals. In emotional skills, stress management, a negative impact was observed in the 2012-II semester, while in the 2018-I semester there was an improvement, possibly due to the greater support to the students in the activities carried out in the development, correction and feedback received in the competency-based curriculum. In academic achievements there was an improvement in the general grade average between the semesters and a significant decrease in the disapproval between the two semesters. It can be concluded that the implementation of a competence-based curriculum, with active teaching methodologies, allowed the improvement in cognitive and emotional skills, improvement of academic achievements and a significant decrease in the failure of the course.Se presenta un estudio comparativo de las mejoras en las habilidades cognitivas y emocionales entre un currículo diseñado por objetivos, con innovación de metodologías activas (2012-II), y un currículo con enfoque por competencias (2018-I), en búsqueda de desarrollar las competencias genéricas y específicas mediante la mejora de estas habilidades. La evaluación de las habilidades cognitivas y emocionales se hizo adaptando la Encuesta del Inventario de Cociente Emocional Bar-On (EQ-i) de Reuven. La encuesta fue realizada en dos ocasiones en cada semestre. Los resultados se compararon para determinar si hubo mejoras entre la primera y segunda encuesta en cada semestre y entre ambos currículos. Así mismo, se compararon los resultados de indicadores académicos. El número de alumnos matriculados fue de 30 (2012-II) y 27 (2018-I) y la tasa de encuestados superó el 70%. El resultado referido a la mejora de las habilidades cognitivas, solución de problemas, mostró una mejora de casi el doble entre la primera y segunda encuesta en ambas propuestas curriculares. En habilidades emocionales, manejo de estrés, se observó un impacto negativo en el semestre 2012-II, mientras que en el semestre 2018-I hubo una mejora, posiblemente debida al mayor acompañamiento al alumnado en las actividades realizadas en el currículo con enfoque por competencias. En logros académicos hubo una mejora en el promedio general entre los semestres y una disminución significativa de la desaprobación entre los semestres 2012-II y 2018- I. Se puede concluir que la implementación de un currículo con enfoque de competencias, con metodologías activas de enseñanza, permitió la mejora en las habilidades cognitivas y emocionales, de los logros académicos y una disminución significativa de la desaprobación en el curso

ESTRATEGIAS PEDAGÓGICAS PARA LA MEJORA DE LAS HABILIDADES COGNITIVAS Y EMOCIONALES DE LOS ALUMNOS DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA VETERINARIA Y ZOOTECNIA, UPCH, PERÚ

The paper presents actions taken to modify the theoretical characteristics of the course of Medicine of Companion Animals, a mandatory course of the Veterinary Medi- cine and Animal Husbandry career at Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru. A practical-theoretical course was organized in pursuit of improving basic knowledge, skills and abilities in the veterinary field, and also for improving cognitive and emotional skills of students through innovative educational methodologies and technologies. These included resolution of clinical cases, critical thinking and creativity, revision, interpretation and analysis of scientific information, contextualized activities in actual practice, support of social activities and technology transfer of scientific information, all within a framework of university education by competences. The assessment of cognitive and emotional abilities was done by the Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory survey. A survey was conducted at the beginning and another at the end of the course involving 24 out of 30 registered students. The results show that the percentage of students with cognitive and emotional skills qualified as developed, adequate and to be improved was 25, 51 and 21% respectively in the first survey, and improving to 54, 33 and 13% respectively in the second survey.El documento presenta las acciones realizadas para modificar las características teóricas del curso de Medicina de Animales de Compañía, curso semestral obligatorio de la carrera de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú. Se organizó un curso práctico-teórico en búsqueda de mejorar los conocimientos básicos, habilidades y destrezas médico veterinarias; y asimismo, la me- jora de las habilidades cognitivas y emocionales de los estudiantes mediante la innovación de metodologías y tecnologías educativas. Estas comprendieron: resolución de casos clínicos, desarrollo del pensamiento crítico y de la creatividad, revisión, interpretación y análisis de información científica, actividades contextualizadas en la práctica real, actividades de apoyo social y tecnologías de transferencia de la información científica, todo ello dentro de un marco referencial de la formación universitaria por competencias. La evaluación de las habilidades cognitivas y emocionales se realizó con una adaptación del Inventario de Cociente Emocional de Reuver Bar-On. Se realizó una encuesta a inicios y otra a fines del curso, participando 24 de los 30 alumnos matriculados. Los resultados muestran que la proporción de alumnos con habilidades cognitivas y emocionales calificadas como desarrolladas, adecuadas y por mejorar fue de 25, 54 y 21%, respectivamente, en la primera encuesta, mejorando a 54, 33 y 13%, respectivamente, en la segunda encuesta

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Comparación entre la Prueba de Puntas de Papel Absorbente Estériles y la Prueba Lagrimal de Schirmer para la Evaluación de Producción de Lágrimas en Canes Clínicamente Normales

The aim of the study was to determine normal values of tear production in crossbred dogs using the standardized absorbent paper points test (SAPPT) in comparison with the Schirmer’s tear test (STT). A total of 33 dogs (66 eyes) of dolichocephalic skull type, between 2 to 6 years of age and of medium size (15-24 kg) were used. The mean tear production value by SAPPT was 20.85 ± 1.44 mm/min (range: 18-24) and by STT was 18.05 ± 1.58 mm/min. A positive weak correlation was found between SAPPT and STT values.El propósito del estudio fue determinar los valores normales de producción de lágrimas en perros mestizos, sin evidencias de alteraciones oftalmológicas, utilizando la prueba de puntas de papel absorbente estériles (PPPAE) y su comparación con la prueba lagrimal de Schirmer (PLS). Se evaluaron 33 perros (66 ojos) con cráneo de tipo dolicocéfalo, con edades de 2 a 6 años y de tamaño mediano (15 a 24 kg). El valor de la producción lagrimal promedio determinado mediante PPPAE fue de 20.85 ± 1.44 mm/min (rango de 18 a 24) y con la PLS de 18.05 ± 1.58 mm/min. Se encontró una correlación positiva débil entre los resultados de PPPAE y PLS