Biological, botanical and chemical alternatives for the control of blackberry (Rubus glaucus Benth.) diseases

In order to control the main diseases that affect blackberries (Rubus glaucus Benth.), a research in which 12 treatments to San Antonio ecotype plants originated in vitro was conducted. These treatments were: 1: Trichoderma harzianum+richoderma koningii (Tropical Fungus), 2: Trichoderma sp. (Bioprotection), 3: Trichoderma koningiopsis (Th003 Trichoderma), 4: Trichoderma asperellum (Th034 Trichoderma), 5: Trichoderma asperellum (T-30 Trichoderma), 6: Trichoderma asperellum (T-98 Trichoderma), 7:Burkholderia cepacia (Botrycid), 8: extract of Swinglea glutinosa (Ecoswin), 9: traditional farming treatments (Mancozeb, Propamocarb), 10: chemical products applications (Mancozeb, Mandipropamida, Carbendazim, Propamocar and Metalaxil+Mancozeb) alternated according to the impact of the disease, 11: chemical products applications alternated with organic products according to the suppliers recommendations and presence of the diseases, 12: absolute control, no treatment was applied to the plants. The applications were carried out every 15 days, each plant was an experimental unit and each treatment was made of five experimental units. 12 treatments were made through a RCBD (randomized complete block design) with three repetitions for a total of 15 experimental units per treatment. The assessments were performed every 8 days, and the variables were: number of healthy and sick fruits/treatment, costs/treatment and gross profit. A variance analysis and a Tukey test 5% were made. The best treatments were T11 (rotation of chemicals with biological products), T10 (rotation of chemical products according to the impact of the disease) and T3 (T. koningiopsis); considering the obtained performance/treatment, treatment cost and profit.In order to control the main diseases that affect blackberries (Rubus glaucus Benth.), a research in which 12 treatments to San Antonio ecotype plants originated in vitro was conducted. These treatments were: 1: Trichoderma harzianum+richoderma koningii (Tropical Fungus), 2: Trichoderma sp. (Bioprotection), 3: Trichoderma koningiopsis (Th003 Trichoderma), 4: Trichoderma asperellum (Th034 Trichoderma), 5: Trichoderma asperellum (T-30 Trichoderma), 6: Trichoderma asperellum (T-98 Trichoderma), 7:Burkholderia cepacia (Botrycid), 8: extract of Swinglea glutinosa (Ecoswin), 9: traditional farming treatments (Mancozeb, Propamocarb), 10: chemical products applications (Mancozeb, Mandipropamida, Carbendazim, Propamocar and Metalaxil+Mancozeb) alternated according to the impact of the disease, 11: chemical products applications alternated with organic products according to the suppliers recommendations and presence of the diseases, 12: absolute control, no treatment was applied to the plants. The applications were carried out every 15 days, each plant was an experimental unit and each treatment was made of five experimental units. 12 treatments were made through a RCBD (randomized complete block design) with three repetitions for a total of 15 experimental units per treatment. The assessments were performed every 8 days, and the variables were: number of healthy and sick fruits/treatment, costs/treatment and gross profit. A variance analysis and a Tukey test 5% were made. The best treatments were T11 (rotation of chemicals with biological products), T10 (rotation of chemical products according to the impact of the disease) and T3 (T. koningiopsis); considering the obtained performance/treatment, treatment cost and profit

Lineamientos para una metodología de identificación de estilos de aprendizaje aplicables al sector agropecuario colombiano

In Colombia, one of the deficiencies of technology transfer processes has been the lack of strategies that allow identifying the way producers learn, which, in turn, is reflected in the low implementation of the practices suggested in training processes. For this reason, the aim of this study was to analyze the research carried out on the identification of learning styles to generate a methodological proposal suitable to be implemented in the agricultural sector, which contributes to improving the effectiveness of the transfer processes. Models that have been studied at a global level were identified and used as input to build a methodology with four dimensions (motivational, perceptive, strategic, and social) that respond to the characteristics of the rural context and the training processes of producers. These results highlight the importance of identifying learning styles before carrying out a training process to achieve the implementation of new technologies by agricultural producers.En Colombia, una de las deficiencias en los procedimientos de transferencia de tecnología ha sido la falta de estrategias que permitan identificar la forma en que aprenden los productores, lo que se ha reflejado en la baja implementación de prácticas sugeridas en los procesos de capacitación. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la literatura existente sobre identificación de estilos de aprendizaje para generar una propuesta metodológica aplicable al sector agropecuario que contribuya a mejorar la efectividad de los procesos de transferencia. Se identificaron modelos estudiados a nivel global, los cuales se usaron como insumo para construir una metodología con cuatro dimensiones (motivacional, perceptiva, estratégica y social) que responden a las características del contexto rural y los procesos de capacitación de productores. Los resultados permiten resaltar la importancia de identificar estilos de aprendizaje antes de llevar a cabo un proceso de formación para aumentar la implementación de nuevas tecnologías por parte de productores agropecuarios

Alternativas biológicas, botánicas y quimicas para el control de enfermedades en el cultivo de la mora (Rubus glaucus Benth)

In order to control the main diseases that affect blackberries (Rubus glaucus Benth.), a research in which 12 treatments to San Antonio ecotype plants originated in vitro was conducted. These treatments were: 1: Trichoderma harzianum+richoderma koningii (Tropical Fungus), 2: Trichoderma sp. (Bioprotection), 3: Trichoderma koningiopsis (Th003 Trichoderma), 4: Trichoderma asperellum (Th034 Trichoderma), 5: Trichoderma asperellum (T-30 Trichoderma), 6: Trichoderma asperellum (T-98 Trichoderma), 7:Burkholderia cepacia (Botrycid), 8: extract of Swinglea glutinosa (Ecoswin), 9: traditional farming treatments (Mancozeb, Propamocarb), 10: chemical products applications (Mancozeb, Mandipropamida, Carbendazim, Propamocar and Metalaxil+Mancozeb) alternated according to the impact of the disease, 11: chemical products applications alternated with organic products according to the suppliers recommendations and presence of the diseases, 12: absolute control, no treatment was applied to the plants. The applications were carried out every 15 days, each plant was an experimental unit and each treatment was made of five experimental units. 12 treatments were made through a RCBD (randomized complete block design) with three repetitions for a total of 15 experimental units per treatment. The assessments were performed every 8 days, and the variables were: number of healthy and sick fruits/treatment, costs/treatment and gross profit. A variance analysis and a Tukey test 5% were made. The best treatments were T11 (rotation of chemicals with biological products), T10 (rotation of chemical products according to the impact of the disease) and T3 (T. koningiopsis); considering the obtained performance/treatment, treatment cost and profit.Para el manejo de las principales enfermedades de la mora (Rubus glaucus Benth.), se realizó una investigación donde se aplicaron 12 tratamientos a plantas ecotipo San Antonio, procedentes de cultivo in vitro. Los tratamientos fueron 1: Trichoderma harzianum+Trichoderma koningii (Hongos del Trópico), 2: Trichoderma sp. (Bioprotección), 3: Trichoderma koningiopsis (Th003 Trichoderma), 4: Trichoderma asperellum (Th034 Trichoderma), 5: Trichoderma asperellum (T-30 Trichoderma), 6: Trichoderma asperellum (T-98 Trichoderma), 7: Burkholderia cepacia (Botrycid), 8: Extracto de Swinglea glutinosa (Ecoswin), 9: Tratamiento tradicional del agricultor (Mancozeb, Propamocarb), 10: aplicaciones de productos químicos (Mancozeb, Mandipropamida, Carbendazim, Propamocar y Metalaxil+Mancozeb), en rotación según incidencia de las enfermedades, 11: aplicación de productos químicos en rotación con biológicos, según recomendaciones de los proveedores y presencia de las enfermedades, 12: testigo absoluto, no se aplicó ningún tratamiento a las plantas. Las aplicaciones se realizaron cada 15 días, cada planta fue una unidad experimental y cada tratamiento estuvo compuesto por cinco unidades experimentales, se realizaron 12 tratamientos en un diseño de BCA con tres repeticiones, para un total de 15 unidades experimentales por tratamiento. Las evaluaciones se realizaron cada ocho días y las variables consideradas fueron: número de frutos sanos y enfermos/tratamiento, costos/tratamiento y ganancia bruta. Se realizó un análisis de varianza y una prueba de Tukey 5%. Los mejores tratamientos fueron el T11 (rotación de productos químicos con biológicos), el tratamiento T10 (rotación de productos químicos según la incidencia de las enfermedades) y el tratamiento T3 (T. koningiopsis); considerando los rendimientos obtenidos/tratamiento, el costo del tratamiento y la ganancia alcanzada.

Biological, botanical and chemical alternatives for the control of blackberry (Rubus glaucus Benth.) diseases

In order to control the main diseases that affect blackberries (Rubus glaucus Benth.), a research in which 12 treatments to San Antonio ecotype plants originated in vitro was conducted. These treatments were: 1: Trichoderma harzianum+richoderma koningii (Tropical Fungus), 2: Trichoderma sp. (Bioprotection), 3: Trichoderma koningiopsis (Th003 Trichoderma), 4: Trichoderma asperellum (Th034 Trichoderma), 5: Trichoderma asperellum (T-30 Trichoderma), 6: Trichoderma asperellum (T-98 Trichoderma), 7: Burkholderia cepacia (Botrycid), 8: extract of Swinglea glutinosa (Ecoswin), 9: traditional farming treatments (Mancozeb, Propamocarb), 10: chemical products applications (Mancozeb, Mandipropamida, Carbendazim, Propamocar and Metalaxil+Mancozeb) alternated according to the impact of the disease, 11: chemical products applications alternated with organic products according to the suppliers recommendations and presence of the diseases, 12: absolute control, no treatment was applied to the plants. The applications were carried out every 15 days, each plant was an experimental unit and each treatment was made of five experimental units. 12 treatments were made through a RCBD (randomized complete block design) with three repetitions for a total of 15 experimental units per treatment. The assessments were performed every 8 days, and the variables were: number of healthy and sick fruits/treatment, costs/treatment and gross profit. A variance analysis and a Tukey test 5% were made. The best treatments were T11 (rotation of chemicals with biological products), T10 (rotation of chemical products according to the impact of the disease) and T3 (T. koningiopsis); considering the obtained performance/treatment, treatment cost and profit