Liver stiffness value obtained by point shear-wave elastography is significantly related with atrial septal defect size

PURPOSEThe increase in volume and pressure in the right atrium (RA) and right ventricle (RV) has been shown to increase the liver stiffness (LS). In the literature, there is no information about the changes in LS value in patients with atrial septal defect (ASD). The aim of our study was to investigate the change of LS values obtained by point shear-wave elastography (pSWE) in patients with ASD and the clinical utility of pSWE for this disease.METHODSThis cross-sectional study included 66 patients with ostium secundum ASD: 21 patients with no indication for ASD closure (Group I), 38 patients who underwent ASD closure (Group II), and 7 patients who had ASD with Eisenmenger syndrome (Group III). All patients underwent echocardiography and pSWE. Increased LS was accepted as ≥7 kPa.RESULTSLS values as well as transaminases, clinical signs of heart failure and functional and structural heart abnormalities (increase of RA and RV diastolic dimensions, tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient [TRPG], ASD size and decrease of ejection fraction, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion) significantly increased from Group I to Group III (P < 0.001 for all comparisons). Mean LS values for Group I, Group II, and Group III were 5.16±1.55 kPa, 7.48±1.99 kPa, and 13.9±2.58 kPa, respectively. In multivariate linear regression analysis, ASD size and TRPG were significantly associated with LS increase. Only ASD size independently predicted abnormal LS increase ≥7 kPa according to multivariate logistic regression. Clinical value of LS increase was comparable to TRPG for detection of Eisenmenger syndrome; in the receiver operating curve analysis, area under the curve was 0.995 for LS (P < 0.001) and 0.990 for TRPG (P < 0.001). At 10 kPa threshold, LS determined the Eisenmenger syndrome with 100% sensitivity and 91.5% specificity.CONCLUSIONLS value assessed by pSWE was significantly increased in ASD patients with closure indication and Eisenmenger syndrome compared to patients without ASD closure indication and was comparable with TRPG in regards to Eisenmenger syndrome identification. ASD size significantly associated with LS and independently predicted abnormal LS increase ≥7 kPa

Anxiety levels of healthcare personnel in different stages of COVID-19 pandemic: A nationwide study from Turkey

Aim: SARS CoV-2 transmission in healthcare personnel was first reported on January 20, 2020. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anxiety levels experienced by healthcare personnel in Turkey during the COVID-19 pandemic and the factors affecting these levels.Material and Methods: A survey investigating sociodemographic features and examining anxiety levels was conducted among approximately 1000 healthcare personnel who were expected to take active roles in the pandemic across Turkey. The survey was conducted in three stages: before the pandemic spread to Turkey, at the beginning of the pandemic and when the pandemic became prominent. A logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the factors affecting anxiety and predictors of anxiety levels.Results: In the first survey, always (odds ratio, 15.781; p<0.01) and often (odds ratio, 5.365; p<0.05) media use, in the second survey media use (p<0.05) and profession (odds ratio, 0.021; p<0.05) and in the third survey, marital status (odds ratio, 17.716; p<0.01) and gender (odds ratio, 4.431; p<0.05) were determined as the predictors of anxiety related to COVID-19.Discussion: As a result of this study, healthcare personnel groups were defined (women, nurses, married people) who need special intervention and support to provide spiritual comfort when working on the front line in the fight against COVID-19. Further comprehensive studies are needed of the extent of psychological support required by healthcare personnel and to whom and how this support should be provided

Is there a link between pre-existing antibodies acquired due to childhood vaccinations or past infections and COVID-19? A case control study

Background: There is growing evidence indicating that children are less affected from COVID-19. Some authors speculate that childhood vaccinations may provide some cross-protection against COVID-19. In this study, our aim was to compare the circulating antibody titers for multiple childhood vaccine antigens, as an indicator of the state of immune memory between patients with COVID-19 and healthy controls, with a specific aim to identify the association between disease severity and antibody titrations which may indicate a protective function related to vaccine or disease induced memory. Methods: This study is a case-control study including 53 patients with COVID-19 and 40 healthy volunteers. COVID-19 severity was divided into three groups: asymptomatic, mild and severe. We measured the same set of antibody titers for vaccine antigens, and a set of biochemical and infection markers, in both the case and control groups. Results: Rubella (p = 0.003), pneumococcus (p = 0.002), and Bordetella pertussis (p 0.0001) titers were found to be significantly lower in the case group than the control group. There was a significant decline in pneumococcus titers with severity of disease (p = 0.021) and a significant association with disease severity for Bordetella pertussis titers (p = 0.014) among COVID patients. Levels of AST, procalcitonin, ferritin and D-dimer significantly increased with the disease severity Discussion: Our study supports the hypothesis that pre-existing immune memory, as monitored using circulating antibodies, acquired from childhood vaccinations, or past infections confer some protection against COVID-19. Randomized controlled studies are needed to support a definitive conclusion. © 2021 PeerJ Inc.. All rights reserved

Importance of Autophagy in Colorectal Cancer.

TEZ10645Tez (Uzmanlık) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2015.Kaynakça (s. 48-53) var.viii, 54 s. : res. (bzs. rnk.), tablo ; 29 cm.Kolon kanseri tüm dünyada kadınlar ve erkeklerde üçüncü en sık gözlenen kanserdir. Yılda yaklaşık 1.200.000 yeni vaka ve yaklaşık 609.000 ölüm tahmin edilmektedir. Erkek ve kadınlardaki kanserlerin yaklaşık %10’unu oluşturmaktadır.. Otofaji, hücresel proteinlerin otofajik vakuoller aracılığı ile lizozomal degredasyonudur. Otofaji gelişimde, uzun yaşamda ve kanser gibi pek çok hastalığın patogenezinde büyük rol oynamaktadır. Tümör gelişimi ve uyarılması üzerine bazı etkiler gösterdiği saptanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, otofajinin, otofaji ilişkili ATG5 , ATG12 ve Beclin-1genlerinin ve proteinlerinin ekspresyonu ve kolorektal kanserin klinikopatolojik özellikleri ile ilişkisinin belirlenmesidir. Çukurova Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Hastanesi Genel Cerrahi Anabilim Dalında kolorektal kanser nedeniyle opere edilen 45 hasta dahil edildi. Hastaların hem tümör hem de eşlenik normal kolon dokularından alınan örnekler ameliyathaneden itibaren sıvı azotta bankalandı. Daha sonra SYBR Green qPCR yötemiyle ATG5, ATG12, Beclin-1 gen ekspresyonlarına ve Western Blot yöntemiyle ATG5 , Beclin-1 , LC3 protein ekspresyonlarına bakıldı.Ekspresyon düzeyleri ile klinikopatolojik özellikler karşılaştırıldı. Gen ve protein ekspresyonları hem tümör hem de eşlenik normal doku örneklerinin çoğunda saptandı. Gen ekspresyon düzeyleriyle klinikopatolojik ve demografik veriler arasında anlamlı ilişki saptanamadı.Örneklerin TNM evreleriyle perinöral invazyon ve lenfovasküler invazyon arasında anlamlı ilişki saptandı. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları otofajinin kolorektal karsinogenezisde işe karıştığını önermektedir. Genişletilmiş çalışmaların yapılması otofaji ve kolorektal kanser ile ilişkili klinikopatolojik özellikleri belirlemede faydalı olabilecektir.Colon cancer is the third most common cancer in women and men all over the world. Colorectal cancer is diagnosed in over 1.2 million people globally each year. The disease is responsible for approximately 609,000 deaths a year (10% of all cancer cases in women and men). Autophagy is the basic catabolic mechanism that involves cell degradation of unnecessary or dysfunctional cellular components through the actions of lysosomes. The development of autophagy plays a great role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. It was found that autohagy can influence on tumor progression and stimulation. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between autophagy and autophagy related ATG5, ATG12, Beclin-1 gene and protein expressions and clinicopathological features of colorectal cancer. The data of 45 patients operated on for colorectal cancer in General Surgery Department of Cukurova University The Faculty of Medicine Balcali Hospital was included to the study. There were totally 90 tissue samples taken and banked in liquid nitrogen: 1 tissue sample from tumor and 1 from normal from each patient. ATG5, ATG12, Beclin-1 gene expression levels in all samples were examined using SYBR- Green qPCR method, and, ATG5 , Beclin-1 , LC3 protein levels were analysed using Western blotting technique.Expression levels were compared to clinicopathologic characteristics. Gene and protein expression in both tumor and normal tissue equivalents were studied in most of the examples. There was no significant correlation between gene expression levels and demographic or clinicopathological features. The TNM stage of cases significantly correlated with perineural invasion and lymphovascular invasion. The results of this study suggest that autophagy plays a role in carcinogenesis of colorectal cancers. The further studies are required to determine the relationship between autophagy and clinicopathologic features associated with colorectal cancers

An Example of the Importance of Electronic Health Records from Mogadishu, Somalia: Hepatitis B Prevalence and Co-infections with Hepatitis C

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Abstract&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The epidemiology of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been discussed in detail from different aspects around the world. Current epidemiological data has critical importance in the planning and carrying out of public health policies for the prevention of transmission and spread of these infections, and the treatment of chronic infections, and to reduce the burden and mortality associated with complications such as cirrhosis and liver cancer by national health authorities and international health institutions, especially the World Health Organization. Elimination of a social health problem is possible by first raising awareness, then determining the dimensions of the problem, and planning and implementing interventions for a solution. Somalia was in the position of a region where access to diagnosis and treatment for many life-threatening diseases was difficult, aside from the monitoring of public health criteria due to the unstable situations that has continued for more than 40 years. Until recently, basic health parameters and epidemiological predictions in Somalia were monitored through estimates based on data from neighboring countries or on data obtained from small groups from Somalia immigrants settled different parts of the world. However, this situation is changing rapidly. A tertiary education and research hospital established in the capital, Mogadishu, with the coordination of the Türkiye and Somalia governments, and which has become the largest health center in the country today; contributes to understanding the extent of the serious health problems faced by the country by pioneering specialized training and scientific studies, in addition to providing health care. Electronic health records have been kept regularly since 2015 in this hospital, where hundreds of thousands of patients receive treatment or undergo health checks every year and it has been the source of numerous retrospective epidemiological studies some of which have exceeded 100 thousand cases, in different age groups and sub-populations. These studies include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence and complications, HCV prevalence and genotype distribution, prevalence and epidemiology of parasitic infections, incidence of tuberculosis and related complications, cancer incidence and distribution, causes of blindness, thyroid diseases, antibiotic resistance profiles, and the epidemiology of various organ-specific diseases. Dozens of studies using the hospital records were included in the scientific literature between 2020 and 2023. In this study, a four-year period between November 2015 and November 2019, HBV serological test results of more than 100,000 different patients are presented. HBsAg and anti-HBs seropositivity for all age groups was found to be 8.1% (9.405/115,946) and 32.7% (25,988/79,410), respectively. HBsAg and anti-HBs seropositivity were significantly higher in males than females (p&lt;0.001). When the anti-HCV test results of HBsAg positive patients were examined, the rate of HCV co-infections was found to be 0.9% (82/9,405). HBV, HCV, and co-infection incidence tended to decrease over the years. Conversely, vaccination rates (especially in children under one year of age) tended to increase. While the comprehensive data presented in this study provide us with important and new information about the prevalence and co-infection rates of viral hepatitis in the country, many topics including HBV genotypes, hepatitis D frequency, access to treatment rates, complication rates, and HBV vaccination rates are still waiting to be researched in Somalia. In the region where it is not possible to carry out field studies, epidemiological data provided by electronic health records have become a country's window to the world.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Özet&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hepatit B virusu (HBV) ve hepatit C virusu (HCV) epidemiyolojisi dünya genelinde farklı yönleri ile detaylı olarak ele alınmıştır. Güncel epidemiyolojik veriler başta Dünya Sağlık Örgütü olmak üzere uluslararası sağlık kuruluşları ve ulusal sağlık otoritelerince bu enfeksiyonların bulaşı ve yayılmasının önlenmesi, kronik enfeksiyonların tedavisi, siroz ve karaciğer kanseri gibi komplikasyonlar ile ilişkili yükün ve mortalite oranlarının azaltılmasına yönelik koruyucu halk sağlığı politikalarının planlanması ve yürütülmesi sürecinde kritik öneme sahiptir. Toplumsal bir sağlık sorununun ortadan kaldırılabilmesi, öncelikle bu konuda farkındalık oluşması, sonrasında ise sorunun boyutlarının belirlenmesi ile çözüme yönelik müdahalelerin planlanması ve uygulanması ile mümkündür. Somali 40 yılı aşkın bir süredir devam eden istikrarsız ortam nedeni ile toplumsal sağlık ölçütlerinin izlenmesi bir yana, yaşamı tehdit eden birçok hastalık için tanı ve tedaviye erişimin güç olduğu bir bölge konumunda idi. Somali'deki temel sağlık parametreleri ve epidemiyolojik öngörüler yakın zamana kadar komşu ülkelere ait veriler üzerinden veya Somali'den dünyanın farklı bölgelerine göç eden küçük gruplardan elde edilen verilere dayalı olarak yapılan tahminler ile izlenmekte idi. Bununla beraber, bu durum hızla değişiyor. Türkiye ve Somali hükumetlerinin koordinasyonu ile başkent Mogadişu'da kurulan ve günümüzde ülkenin en büyük sağlık merkezi haline gelen bir üçüncü basamak eğitim ve araştırma hastanesi; sağlık hizmetleri sunumu yanında, uzmanlık eğitimi ve bilimsel çalışmalara öncülük ederek ülkenin yüz yüze kaldığı ciddi sağlık sorunlarının boyutlarının anlaşılmasına katkı sağlamaktadır. Her yıl yüzbinlerce hastanın tedavi gördüğü veya sağlık kontrolünden geçtiği bu hastanede 2015 yılından beri düzenli olarak tutulan elektronik sağlık kayıtları; insan immünyetmezlik virusu (HIV) prevalansı ve komplikasyonları, HCV prevalansı ve genotip dağılımı, paraziter enfeksiyonların prevalansı ve epidemiyolojisi, tüberküloz ve ilişkili komplikasyonların görülme sıklığı, kanser insidansı ve dağılımı, körlük nedenleri, tiroid hastalıkları, antibiyotik direnç profilleri ve diğer çeşitli organ spesifik hastalıkların farklı yaş grupları ve alt-popülasyonlardaki epidemiyolojisi üzerine, bazıları için olgu sayılarının 100 bini aştığı çok sayıda retrospektif epidemiyolojik çalışmaya kaynak olmuştur. Hastane kayıtlarının kullanıldığı onlarca araştırma 2020-2023 yılları arasında bilimsel literatürde yerini almıştır. Bu çalışmada ise Kasım 2015-Kasım 2019 yılları arasını kapsayan dört yıllık bir dönemde 100.000'den fazla farklı hastaya ait HBV serolojik test sonuçları sunulmaktadır. Çalışmamızda tüm yaş grupları için HBsAg ve anti-HBs seropozitifliği sırasıyla %8.1 (9.405/115.946) ve %32.7 (25.988/79.410) olarak bulundu. HBsAg ve anti-HBs seropozitifliği erkeklerde kadınlara göre anlamlı derece daha yüksekti (p&lt;0.001). HBsAg pozitif hastalara ait anti-HCV test sonuçları incelendiğinde HCV ko-enfeksiyon oranı %0.9 (82/9.405) olarak bulundu. HBV, HCV ve ko-enfeksiyon sıklığı yıllar içerisinde azalma eğiliminde idi. Aşılanma oranı ise (özellikle bir yaş altı çocuklarda) artma eğiliminde idi. Bu çalışmada sunulan kapsamlı veriler bize viral hepatitlerin ülkedeki yaygınlığı ve ko-enfeksiyon oranları hakkında önemli ve yeni bilgiler sunarken, Somali özelinde HBV genotipleri, hepatit D sıklığı, tedaviye erişim oranları, komplikasyon oranları ve HBV aşılanma oranları gibi birçok konu başlığı halen araştırılmayı beklemektedir. Saha çalışmalarını yürütmenin mümkün olmadığı bu bölgede elektronik sağlık kayıtlarının sunduğu epidemiyolojik veriler ülkenin dünyaya açılan bir penceresi olmuştur.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Elektronik Sağlık Kayıtlarının Önemine Mogadişu, Somali'den Bir Örnek: Hepatit B Prevalansı ve Hepatit C ile Ko-enfeksiyonlar&lt;/p&gt

Prevalence of Rotavirus, Adenovirus, and Hepatitis A Virus in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Somalia

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Abstract&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Rotavirus, one of the viral infectious agents that is transmitted mainly through the fecal-oral route and spreads easily in regions with poor sanitation conditions, is the most common causative agent of acute gastroenteritis in children under five years of age worldwide, and enteric adenoviruses are other frequently encountered causative agents of gastroenteritis in childhood. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is also transmitted in similar routes and is endemic in regions with poor sanitation conditions and limited access to clean water and is usually acquired in early childhood in these regions. In this study conducted in Mogadishu Somalia, rotavirus and adenovirus antigen test (immunochromatographic rapid test) results in patients admitted to a tertiary hospital in the 9-month period between February 2019 and October 2019 and ELISA based HAV antibody test results studied in 2018-2019 were retrospectively examined and it was aimed to determine the distribution of positivity rates of these viruses by age, gender, and year. During the study period, 1136 patients (mean age 6.33±12.36) were tested for rotavirus and adenovirus antigens, and 362 patients (mean age 21.26±18.45) were tested for anti-HAV IgM/IgG antibodies. The positivity rates of rotavirus and adenovirus were found as 17.8% and 5.1%, respectively. The positivity rates of anti-HAV IgM and IgG antibodies were 26.5% and 85.4%. The age group with the highest rotavirus test positivity was babies under one year old (27.3%), positivity rate was also high in children aged 1-2 years old (20.9%), and this distribution was similar for adenovirus. Although a small number of patients were tested in under five years of age, anti-HAV IgG seropositivity was 60% and above in all age groups. The highest anti-HAV IgM positivity rates were observed in children 2-&lt;5 and 5-15 years of age, 52.9% and 44% respectively. Rotavirus antigen positivity was found at high levels in the three-month period covering June, July, and August 2019. In July (2019), it was observed that the number of rotavirus and adenovirus antigen test requests were increased, and also, at the same time the highest positivity rates for both viruses were observed; 31.2% and 9.5% for rotavirus and adenovirus. Rotavirus and enteric adenovirus co-infection was detected in 2.4% (27/1136) of the patients, and 23 (85.2%) of these were under five years of age children. Our study results show that children under the age of two are especially affected by rotavirus and adenovirus infections in Somalia and indicate that HAV infections are acquired at an early childhood. We can say that it may be useful to review vaccination programs as an important public health measure to reduce the burden of mortality and morbidity associated with HAV and rotavirus, which have a high prevalence and also have protective vaccines.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Özet&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Başlıca fekal-oral yolla bulaşan ve sanitasyon koşularının zayıf olduğu bölgelerde kolay yayılan viral enfeksiyon etkenlerinden rotavirus dünya genelinde beş yaş altı çocuklarda en sık görülen akut gastroenterit etkeni iken, enterik adenoviruslar çocukluk çağında sık karşılaşılan diğer gastroenterit etkenlerindendir. Hepatit A virusu (HAV) da benzer yollarla bulaşır ve sanitasyonun yetersiz olduğu ve temiz suya erişimin kısıtlı olduğu bölgelerde endemiktir ve bu bölgelerde genellikle erken çocukluk çağında edinilir. Mogadişu Somali'de yürütülen bu çalışmada, Şubat 2019 - Ekim 2019 tarihleri arasındaki 9 aylık dönemde bir üçüncü basamak hastaneye başvuran kişilerde rotavirus ve adenovirus antijen test (immünokromatografik hızlı test) sonuçları ve 2018-2019 yıllarında çalışılan ELISA temelli HAV antikor test sonuçları retrospektif olarak incelenmiş ve bu virüsler için pozitiflik oranlarının yaş, cinsiyet ve yıl içerisindeki dağılımının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma döneminde 1136 hasta (yaş ortalaması 6.33±12.36) rotavirus ve adenovirus antijenleri için, 362 hasta (yaş ortalaması 21.26±18.45) ise anti-HAV IgM/IgG antikorları için test edilmişti. Rotavirus ve adenovirus için pozitiflik oranları sırasıyla %17.8 ve %5.1 olarak bulundu. Anti-HAV IgM ve IgG antikorları için pozitiflik oranları ise %26.5 ve %85.4 idi. Rotavirus test pozitifliğinin en yüksek olduğu yaş grubu bir yaş altı bebeklerdi (%27.3), pozitiflik oranı 1-2 yaş arası çocuklarda da yüksekti (%20.9), bu dağılım adenovirus için de benzerdi. Anti-HAV IgG için beş yaş altı çocuklarda az sayıda hasta test edilmiş olmakla beraber, seropozitiflik oranı tüm yaş gruplarında %60 ve üzerinde idi. En yüksek anti-HAV IgM pozitiflik oranları ise 2-&lt;5 yaş ve 5-15 yaş grubu çocuklarda görüldü, sırasıyla %52.9 ve %44. Rotavirus antijen pozitifliği 2019 yılı haziran, temmuz ve ağustos aylarını kapsayan üç aylık dönemde yüksek seviyelerde idi. Temmuz (2019) ayında rotavirus ve adenovirus antijen test istemlerinin sayısı artarken, aynı zamanda her iki virüs için de en yüksek pozitiflik oranları gözlemlendi, rotavirus ve adenovirus için sırasıyla %31.2 ve %9.5. Antijen testi çalışılan hastaların %2.4'ünde (27/1136) rotavirus ve enterik adenovirus ko-enfeksiyonu varlığı tespit edildi ve bu hastalardan 23'ü (%85.2) beş yaşından küçük çocuklardı. Çalışma sonuçlarımız Somali'de rotavirus ve adenovirus enfeksiyonlarından özellikle iki yaş altı çocukların etkilendiğini göstermekte, HAV enfeksiyonlarının ise erken yaşlarda edinildiğine işaret etmektedir. Yüksek prevalansa sahip olan, bununla beraber koruyucu aşıları bulunan HAV ve rotavirus ilişkili mortalite ve morbidite yükünün azaltılması için önemli bir halk sağlığı önlemi olarak aşılama programlarının gözden geçirilmesinin yararlı olabileceğini söyleyebiliriz.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Somali'de Bir Üçüncü Basamak Hastanesinde Rotavirus, Adenovirus ve Hepatit A Virus Prevalansı&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt

Evaluation of coronary sinus morphology by three‐dimensional transthoracic echocardiography in patients undergoing electrophysiological study

Background: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the coronary sinus (CS) morphology with three‐dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (3D‐TTE) in patients with supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) who underwent electrophysiological study (EPS). Methods: This cross‐sectional study was conducted with 187 patients who underwent EPS between November 2016 and April 2017. Patients were divided into three groups: atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) (n = 72), non‐ AVNRT SVT (n = 58), and normal EPS (n = 57). All patients were evaluated with electrocardiography, TTE, and 3D‐TTE. Results: The CS diameter (CSD) and area (CSA) were found significantly lower in the normal EPS group than in the other groups. There was no significant difference in the CSD between AVNRT and non‐AVNRT SVT groups. However, it was found that the CSA was significantly larger in the AVNRT group than in the non‐AVNRT SVT group. In linear regression analysis, age and left atrial diameter were determined as independent predictor for CSD and CSA (P < 0.001 for each one). Conclusions: The CSD and CSA assessed by 3D‐TTE were different and dilated in the patients with SVT compared to those in the normal individuals. There was no significant difference in the CSD between the AVNRT and non‐AVNRT SVT groups. However, the AVNRT group had a larger CSA than the non‐AVNRT SVT group