長波長歪量子井戸半導体レーザにおける温度特性の解析

取得学位：博士(工学)，学位授与番号：博甲第434号，学位授与年月日：平成13年9月28日,学位授与年：200

寒冷療法実施時におけるH反射，M波の変化

理学療法における寒冷療法の効果について安静時，寒冷終了時，15分後のH反射・M波のリクルートメントカーブ（RC）を導出した．RCより，Hmax／Mmax比，H閾値／M閾値比，Hslp／Mslp比を求め，安静時と比較検討した．同一被験者のH反射，M波の各測定時の振幅は低下してした．Hmax／Mmax比，H閾値／M閾値比，Hslp／Mslp比は，各測定時において統計的有意差は認められないものの，安静時と比較して低下する傾向を示した．　これらの結果より寒冷刺激は，脊髄運動ニューロンプールの抑制に関与するが，その影響は筋に対する抑制が大きいものと考えられた．To study the effect of cryotherapy in physiotherapy, the recruitment curve (RC) of Hoffman refrex (H-reflex) and motor wave (M-wave) was evoked at rest, at completion of cryotherapy and after 15 minutes. The Hmax/Mmax ratio (Hmax/Mmax), H threshold/M threshold ratio (Hth/Mth) and H slope/M slope ratio (Hslp/Mslp) were calculated from RC and were compared with the values at rest. The amplitudes of H-reflex and M-wave at completion of cooling and after 15 minutes decreased in all subjects. The Hmax/Mmax, Hth/Mth and Hslp/Mslp were not significant statistically at each measurement but showed a trend of decrease compared with the values at rest. These results suggested that the cooling is effctive on the inhibition of muscles while it contributes to the inhibition of the motoneuron pool

新入学生の理学療法士イメージと進学志望動機との関連

長崎県内3校の理学療法学科に入学した新1年生102名を対象に，理学療法士に対するイメージと進学志望動機との関連について検討した．理学療法士イメージは学生の進学志望動機と性別に関係なく関連性があった．理学療法についての啓蒙活動の重要性の一端を示唆するものであった．また，進学志望動機については規定要因の関わりに性差を認めたが，その内容については今後の検討課題である．The present study was designed to clarify the correlation between physical therapist image and motives for entering school. The internal consistency of scales for physical therapist image and motives for entering school were Cronbach\u27s coefficient 0.88 and 0.87 repectively. We found that physical therapist image was related to motives for entering school (r=0.38, p<0.01), and that correlations determined by gender were absent. However difference by gender was found to be significant for motive for entering school (p=0.007), and this result is partially in accord with previous studies

Immunohistochemical studies of PIVKA-II in hepatocellular carcinoma by indirect immunofluorescence

Tissue PIVKA-II was examined in 32 hepatocellular carcinomas and 2 metastatic liver tumors using indirect immunofluorescence, and the results were compared with the size, histological grading and serum PIVKA-II level. The specificity of this method was confirmed by the disappearance of reactivity in PLC/PRF/5 cells after the addition of vitamin K to the culture medium. Positive PIVKA-II staining was observed as a clustered or a single cell pattern only in the HCC nodules, but not in the surrounding cirrhotic tissue. PIVKA-II staining was observed in all HCC groups regardless of histological grade. There was no relationship between PIVKA-II staining and the size of HCC. PIVKA-II was detected immunohistochemically even in small HCC of patients whose plasma PIVKA-II levels were below the detection limit. These results suggest that PIVKA-II production is a specific phenotype of HCC regardless of its histological grading and demonstrate that this immunofluorescent PIVKA-II staining is more sensitive and useful than plasma PIVKA-II assay for the diagnosis of HCC.</p

Estimation of Arterial Viscosity Based on an Oscillometric Method and Its Application in Evaluating the Vascular Endothelial Function

This paper proposes an algorithm for estimating the arterial viscosity using cuff pressures and pulse waves measured by an automatic oscillometric sphygmomanometer. A change in the arterial viscosity during the enclosed-zone flow-mediated dilation test is calculated as an index for evaluating the vascular endothelial function %η. In all, 43 individuals participated in this study. After the index %η was calculated, the accuracy of the index %η in distinguishing healthy subjects and subjects at a high risk of arteriosclerosis was tested via a receiving operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The calculated %η for the healthy participants and those at a high risk of arteriosclerosis was 13.4 ± 55.1% and −32.7 ± 34.0% (mean ± S.D.), respectively. The area under the ROC curve was 0.77. Thus, it was concluded that the proposed method can be used to evaluate the vascular endothelial function.This research was partly supported by the Transportation Technology Development Promotion Competitive Funding Program from Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, and the Center of Innovation Program from Japan Science and Technology Agency

A Method for Using Video Presentation to Increase Cortical Region Activity during Motor Imagery Tasks in Stroke Patients

Previous studies have reported that stroke patients have difficulty recalling the motor imagery (MI) of a task, also known as MI vividness. Research on combining MI with action observation is gaining importance as a method to improve MI vividness. We enrolled 10 right-handed stroke patients and compared MI vividness and cortical activity under different presentation methods (no inverted image, inverted image of another individual’s hand, and an inverted image of the patient’s nonparalyzed hand) using near-infrared spectroscopy. Images of the nonparalyzed upper limb were inverted to make the paralyzed upper limb appear as if it were moving. Three tasks (non inverted image, AO + MI (other hand), AO + MI (own hand)) were randomly performed on 10 stroke patients. MI vividness was significantly higher when the inverted image of the nonparalyzed upper limb was presented compared to the other conditions (p < 0.01). The activity of the cortical regions was also significantly enhanced (p < 0.01). Our study highlights the potential application of inverted images of a stroke patient’s own nonparalyzed hand in mental practice to promote the motor recovery of stroke patients. This technique achieved higher levels of MI vividness and cortical activity when performing motor tasks

Diagnostic accuracy of narrow-band imaging and pit pattern analysis significantly improved for less-experienced endoscopists after an expanded training program

Background: Previous reports assessing diagnostic skill using narrow-band imaging (NBI) and pit pattern analysis for colorectal polyps involved only highly experienced endoscopists. Objective: To evaluate diagnostic skills of less-experienced endoscopists (LEE group) for. differentiation of diminutive colorectal polyps by using NBI and pit pattern analysis with and without magnification after an expanded training program. Design: Prospective study. Patients: This study involved 32 patients with 44 colorectal polyps (27 adenomas and 17 hyperplastic polyps) of 5 mm that were identified and analyzed by using conventional colonoscopy as well as non-magnification and magnification NBI and chromoendoscopy followed by endoscopic removal for histopathological analysis. Intervention: Before a training course, 220 endoscopic images were distributed in randomized order to residents with no prior endoscopy experience (NEE group) and to the LEE group, who had performed colonoscopies for more than 5 years but had never used NBI. The 220 images were also distributed to highly experienced endoscopists (HEE group) who had routinely used NBI for more than 5 years. The images were distributed to the NEE and LEE groups again after a training class. Magnification NBI and chromoendoscopy images were assessed by using the Sano and Kudo classification systems, respectively. Main Outcome Measurements: Diagnostic accuracy and interobserver agreement for each endoscopic modality in each group. Results: Diagnostic accuracy was significantly higher, and kappa (kappa) values improved in the LEE group for NBI with high magnification after expanded training. Diagnostic accuracy and kappa values when using high-magnification NBI were highest among endoscopic techniques for the LEE group after such training and the HEE group (accuracy 90% vs 93%; kappa = 0.79 vs 0.85, respectively). Limitations: Study involved only polyps of <= 5 mm. Conclusion: Using high-magnification NBI increased the differential diagnostic skill of the LEE group after expanded training so that it was equivalent to that of the HEE group

Effects of attentional bias modification on chronic low back pain in older outpatients

Objectives: In the present study, the effect of attentional bias modification (ABM) on older outpatients, with chronic low back pain, was examined.Design: This was a single-center, randomized, single-blinded, crossover trial and patients were randomly divided in a 1:1 allocation ratio into two groups: an ABM Leading group and an ABM Trailing group.Participants: Forty-three outpatients with chronic low back pain participated.Interventions: Patients were evaluated four times and the treatments were ABM + Normal intervention or Normal intervention only.Outcomes: Outcome measures included pain intensity on the Numerical Rating Scale, the Pain Catastrophizing Scale, Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Somatic Symptom Scale-8, and EuroQol 5 Dimension-3 levels questionnaire. In addition, we performed the 30-second Chair-Stand test and the Timed Up & Go test for physical function evaluations.Results: There was no change in pain intensity due to ABM. However, the total Pain Catastrophizing Scale score was significantly decreased, and the EuroQol 5 Dimension-3 levels questionnaire and 30-second chair-stand test were significantly improved (P <.05).Trial registration: The Health Science Ethics Committee, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University (permit number: 17060861), and the clinical trial was registered with UMIN (UMIN000029424)

Continuous Repetition Motor Imagery Training and Physical Practice Training Exert the Growth of Fatigue and Its Effect on Performance

Continuous repetition of motor imagery leads to mental fatigue. This study aimed to examine whether fatigue caused by motor imagery training affects improvement in performance and the change in corticospinal excitability. The participants were divided into “physical practice training” and “motor imagery training” groups, and a visuomotor task (set at 50% of maximal voluntary contraction in participants) was performed to assess the training effect on fatigue. The measurements were recorded before and after training. Corticospinal excitability at rest was measured by transcranial magnetic stimulation according to the Neurophysiological Index. Subjective mental fatigue and muscle fatigue were assessed by using the visual analog scale and by measuring the pinch force, respectively. Additionally, the error area was evaluated and calculated at pre-, mid-, and post-terms after training, using a visuomotor task. After training, muscle fatigue, subjective mental fatigue, and decreased corticospinal excitability were noted in both of the groups. Moreover, the visuomotor task decreased the error area by training; however, there was no difference in the error area between the mid- and post-terms. In conclusion, motor imagery training resulted in central fatigue by continuous repetition, which influenced the improvement in performance in the same manner as physical practice training

Comparing movement-related cortical potential between real and simulated movement tasks from an ecological validity perspective

IntroductionConcerns regarding the ecological validity of movement-related cortical potential (MRCP) experimental tasks that are related to motor learning have recently been growing. Therefore, we compared MRCP during real movement task (RMT) and simulated movement task (SMT) from an ecological validity perspective.MethodsThe participants performed both RMT and SMT, and MRCP were measured using electroencephalogram (EEG). EEG was based on the 10-20 method, with electrodes placed in the motor cortex (C3 and C4) and supplementary motor cortex (FCz [between Fz and Cz] and Cz) areas. This experiment examined the MRCP using Bereitschaftspotential (BP) and negative slope (NS’) onset times, and BP, NS’, and motor potential (MP) amplitudes during the task.ResultsThe results revealed that the SMT exhibited later BP and NS’ onset times and smaller BP, NS’, and MP amplitudes than the RMT. Furthermore, in RMT, the onset time of MRCP was delayed, and the amplitude of MRCP was smaller in the second half of the 200 times task than in the first half, whereas in SMT, there was no change in onset time and amplitude. The SMT showed a different MRCP than the RMT, suggesting that the ecological validity of the task should be fully considered when investigating the cortical activity associated with motor skill learning using MRCP.ConclusionEcological validity of the study should be fully considered when investigating the cortical activity associated with motor skill learning using MRCP. Moreover, it is important to understand the differences between the two methods when applied clinically