9 research outputs found
Pyrene Derivatives of 2,2′-Bipyridine as Models for Asphaltenes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Supramolecular Organization
The behavior of 4,4′-bis-(2-pyren-1-yl-ethyl)-[2,2′]bipyridinyl (PBP) was studied as a model for petroleum asphaltenes with a bridged structure. PBP consists of two pyrene groups bridged by a bipyridyl spacer, and exhibits similar solubility and chromatographic properties to some fractions of asphaltenes. On the basis of nuclear magnetic resonance, steady state fluorescence, vapor pressure osmometry, solubility, and adsorption behavior studies, PBP gave self-association in solution. On the basis of these data and single crystal X-ray analysis, this behavior was attributed to π–π stacking interactions involving both pyrene rings and the bipyridine spacer. These results demonstrate that bridged aromatic species with up to four fused aromatic rings are capable of self-association in solution
Bioactive Organic Rosette Nanotubes Support Sensory Neurite Outgrowth
Regardless
of the intervention for peripheral nerve repair, slow
rates of axonal regeneration often result in poor clinical outcomes.
Thus, using new materials such as biologically inspired, biocompatible,
organic rosette nanotubes (RNTs) could provide a tailorable scaffold
to modulate neurite extension and attachment for improved nerve repair.
RNTs are obtained through the spontaneous self-assembly of a synthetic
DNA base analogue featuring the hydrogen bond triads of both guanine
and cytosine, the G∧C base. Here, we investigated the potential
of RNTs functionalized with lysine and Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser-Lys (<u>RGD</u>SK) peptide to support neural growth. We hypothesized
that (a) due to their dimensions, the RNTs would support neuron attachment,
and (b) their conjugation to the integrin-binding peptide <u>RGD</u>SK would further enhance neurite outgrowth compared
to unfunctionalized RNT. Neurite extension was examined on a variety
of RNT structures, including RNT with a lysine side chain (K1), a
mixture of the K1 and a free RGDS peptide, RNT alone, an RGDSK-functionalized
RNT, in addition to poly-d-lysine and laminin controls. Both
whole dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and single dissociated DRG neurons
were seeded onto RNT-coated substrates containing various ratios of
peptides. Analysis of neuron morphometrics showed that RNT blends
support DRG neuron attachment and neurite extension, with RGDS presentation
increasing neurite outgrowth from whole DRG by up to 47% over a 7-day
period compared to K1 alone (<i>p</i> < 0.013). In addition,
while RNTs increased the sprouting of primary neurites extending from
dissociated DRG neurons, the total neurite outgrowth per neuron remained
the same. These results show that functionalized biomimetic RNTs provide
a support for neurite growth and extension and have the ability to
modulate neuronal morphology. These results also pave the way for
the design of injectable RNT-based nanomaterials that support guided
neural regeneration following traumatic injury
Electroconductive Gelatin Methacryloyl-PEDOT:PSS Composite Hydrogels: Design, Synthesis, and Properties
Electroconductive
hydrogels are used in a wide range of biomedical
applications, including electrodes for patient monitoring and electrotherapy,
or as biosensors and electrochemical actuators. Approaches to design
electroconductive hydrogels are often met with low biocompatibility
and biodegradability, limiting their potential applications as biomaterials.
In this study, composite hydrogels were prepared from a conducting
polymer complex, polyÂ(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate
(PEDOT:PSS) dispersed within a photo-crosslinkable naturally derived
hydrogel, gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA). To determine the impact of
PEDOT:PSS loading on physical and microstructural properties and cellular
responses, the electrical and mechanical properties, electrical properties,
and biocompatibility of hydrogels loaded with 0–0.3% (w/v)
PEDOT:PSS were evaluated and compared to GelMA control. Our results
indicated that the properties
of the hydrogels, such as mechanics, degradation, and swelling, could
be tuned by changing the concentration of PEDOT:PSS. In particular,
the impedance of hydrogels decreased from 449.0 kOhm for control GelMA
to 281.2 and 261.0 kOhm for hydrogels containing 0.1% (w/v) and 0.3%
(w/v) PEDOT:PSS at 1 Hz frequency, respectively. In addition, an <i>ex vivo</i> experiment demonstrated that the threshold voltage
to stimulate contraction in explanted abdominal tissue connected by
the composite hydrogels decreased from 9.3 ± 1.2 V for GelMA
to 6.7 ± 1.5 V and 4.0 ± 1.0 V for hydrogels containing
0.1% (w/v) and 0.3% (w/v) PEDOT:PSS, respectively. <i>In vitro</i> studies showed that composite hydrogels containing 0.1% (w/v) PEDOT:PSS
supported the viability and spreading of C2C12 myoblasts, comparable
to GelMA controls. These results indicate the potential of our composite
hydrogel as an electroconductive biomaterial
Electroconductive Gelatin Methacryloyl-PEDOT:PSS Composite Hydrogels: Design, Synthesis, and Properties
Electroconductive
hydrogels are used in a wide range of biomedical
applications, including electrodes for patient monitoring and electrotherapy,
or as biosensors and electrochemical actuators. Approaches to design
electroconductive hydrogels are often met with low biocompatibility
and biodegradability, limiting their potential applications as biomaterials.
In this study, composite hydrogels were prepared from a conducting
polymer complex, polyÂ(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate
(PEDOT:PSS) dispersed within a photo-crosslinkable naturally derived
hydrogel, gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA). To determine the impact of
PEDOT:PSS loading on physical and microstructural properties and cellular
responses, the electrical and mechanical properties, electrical properties,
and biocompatibility of hydrogels loaded with 0–0.3% (w/v)
PEDOT:PSS were evaluated and compared to GelMA control. Our results
indicated that the properties
of the hydrogels, such as mechanics, degradation, and swelling, could
be tuned by changing the concentration of PEDOT:PSS. In particular,
the impedance of hydrogels decreased from 449.0 kOhm for control GelMA
to 281.2 and 261.0 kOhm for hydrogels containing 0.1% (w/v) and 0.3%
(w/v) PEDOT:PSS at 1 Hz frequency, respectively. In addition, an <i>ex vivo</i> experiment demonstrated that the threshold voltage
to stimulate contraction in explanted abdominal tissue connected by
the composite hydrogels decreased from 9.3 ± 1.2 V for GelMA
to 6.7 ± 1.5 V and 4.0 ± 1.0 V for hydrogels containing
0.1% (w/v) and 0.3% (w/v) PEDOT:PSS, respectively. <i>In vitro</i> studies showed that composite hydrogels containing 0.1% (w/v) PEDOT:PSS
supported the viability and spreading of C2C12 myoblasts, comparable
to GelMA controls. These results indicate the potential of our composite
hydrogel as an electroconductive biomaterial
Organic Photovoltaics with Stacked Graphene Anodes
Graphene has recently
been used to achieve power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) equal to
those of ITO-based devices, although they remain a challenging and
costly replacement for ITO. Herein, we employed chemical vapor deposition
to grow graphene islands and transferred them onto a transparent substrate.
The resulting stacked graphene films were characterized by Raman and
UV–vis spectroscopies and conductivity measurements. Solar
cells fabricated with stacked graphene (one to four layers)/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PCBM/Ca/Al
architecture showed an enhancement of PCE as a function of the number
of stacked layers. The highest efficiency was measured for the double-layered
graphene anode because of its optimal conductance and transmittance.
This work establishes that readily prepared layered graphene islands
are a viable and economical substitute for ITO
High Field Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy Investigation of <sup>15</sup>N‑Labeled Rosette Nanotubes: Hydrogen Bond Network and Channel-Bound Water
<sup>15</sup>N-labeled rosette nanotubes were synthesized and investigated
using high-field solid-state NMR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction,
atomic force microscopy, and electron microscopy. The results established
the H-bond network involved in the self-assembly of the nanostructure
as well as bound water molecules in the nanotube’s channel
Synthesis of N‑substituted Pyrido[4,3‑<i>d</i>]pyrimidines for the Large-Scale Production of Self-Assembled Rosettes and Nanotubes
N-substituted pyridoÂ[4,3-<i>d</i>]Âpyrimidines are heterocycles
which exhibit the asymmetric hydrogen bonding codes of both guanine
and cytosine at 60° angles to each other, such that the molecules
self-organize unambiguously into a cyclic hexamer, assembled via 18
intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The synthesis is straightforward and
can be concluded in six steps from the commercially available malononitrile
dimer. X-ray crystallographic analysis of the supermacrocyclic structure
shows an undulating disk with a ca. 10.5 Ã… cavity, the centers
of which do not overlap sufficiently to describe a channel in the
solid state. However, AFM, SEM, and TEM imaging in solution reveals
the formation of 1D nanostructures in agreement with their self-assembly
into rosette supermacrocycles, which then stack linearly to form rosette
nanotubes
Assessment of nanoparticle interference with the assays components, with addition of analyte.
<p>(A) BCA protein assay with 250 µg/mL BSA addition; (B) Bradford protein assay with 40 µg/mL BSA addition; (C) LDH assay with 12.5×10<sup>6</sup> lysed cells; (D) Catalase assay with 250 U/mL catalase addition (excitation 531 nm, emission 595 nm); (E) Catalase assay with 250 U/mL catalase addition (absorbance 560 nm). * indicates significantly different than control (p<0.05, ANOVA followed by Dunnett's post-hoc comparison).</p
Literature survey to determine the percentage of papers testing for nanoparticle interference in spectroscopic-based assays.
<p>(A) Percentage of published papers that use a toxicity assay based on measurement of colorimetric or fluorescent change in either 2010 or 2012; (B) Breakdown of controls performed in papers using one of these assays. (note: Percentages do not add up to 100% due to overlap in papers performing more than one control).</p