Symbolic Interactionism in Grounded Theory: A Viewpoint for Explaining the Student-Educator Relationship in Clinical Nursing Education

Introduction: Although it is generally acknowledged that symbolic interactionism and grounded theory are connected, the precise nature of their connection remains implicit and unexplained in reviewed articles. Awareness of the nature of their connection can help qualitative researchers as guidance for data collection and analysis. This study was accomplished with the aim of exploration of the connection between grounded theory and symbolic interactionism. Method: The search of related articles and resources was done in databases such as Scopus, Elsevier, Google Scholar, and ProQuest and with keywords including grounded theory, symbolic interactionism, and methodology. Then the selected articles were reviewed. Results: In this study, researchers, by reviewing of related articles, have propounded the connection between methodological principles and processes of Blumer in the symbolic interactionism with grounded theory. Then, they have argued about the explanatory power of symbolic interactionism as a philosophical basis in a grounded theory study in the explanation of student-teacher relationship in clinical nursing education. Conclusion: When the grounded theory study is undertaken without a symbolic interactionism framework as an explanatory framework, the researcher describes rather than explains the data. Keywords: Symbolic interactionism, Grounded theory, Methodolog

A Corpus-based Study of EFL Learners’ Errors in IELTS Essay Writing

The present study analyzed different types of errors in the EFL learners’ IELTS essays. In order to determine the major types of errors, a corpus of 70 IELTS examinees’ writings were collected, and their errors were extracted and categorized qualitatively. Errors were categorized based on a researcher-developed error-coding scheme into 13 aspects. Based on the descriptive statistical analyses, the frequency of each error type was calculated and the commonest errors committed by the EFL learners in IELTS essays were identified. The results indicated that the two most frequent errors that IELTS candidates committed were related to word choice and verb forms. Based on the research results, pedagogical implications highlight analyzing EFL learners’ writing errors as a useful basis for instructional purposes including creating pedagogical teaching materials that are in line with learners’ linguistic strengths and weaknesses

Men's Confrontation with Pregnancy from Women's Point of View: an Ethno Phenomenological Approach

Introduction: In providing pregnancy services, particular attention is given to the mother and her infant and comparatively less consideration is paid to men’s role. This study aimed to explore how Iranian men are confronted with pregnancy from pregnant women’s point of view. Methods: This study was conducted, using an ethno-phenomenological approach. 25 Pregnant women were recruited via purposeful sampling from health centers, hospitals, and private obstetric clinics in Mashhad, Iran. In-depth semi-structured interviews (n=25), vignettes, (n=13) as well as observation were used for data collection. The data were organized with MAXQDA software version 10 and analyzed, using van Manen descriptive- interpretive phenomenological approach. Results: The main theme which emerged was: "adaptation, skillfulness and self-actualization of man in confrontation with pregnancy". This was derived from two themes: 1) "spouse's emotional engagement" subthemes spouse’s emotional confrontation with pregnancy occurrence, man's sentimentality following being an expectant father, husband`s confrontation with wife's motherhood, man's emotional excitement, seeing the symptoms of fetal survival, husband's gender orientation and 2)"Concentration, vigilance and active efforts of spouse during pregnancy" subthemes managing wife towards successful pregnancy, efforts to acquire paternal skills and pregnancy as an issue to expand spouse's mental horizons. Conclusion: Besides an overwhelming sense of emotion, men tend to be supportive in managing successful pregnancy. As an opportunity window pregnancy seems to develop thinking, vision and horizons of life among men and increases their responsibility. By promoting male participation in pregnancy, important steps could be taken to improve maternal and infant health using spouses` support approach.</jats:p

A prospective, multicenter, cohort study to evaluate the long-term quality of life and psychological factors among patients with breast cancer, 5-year follow-up: a study protocol

Abstract Background: Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer among women worldwide. Quality of life and psychological status of patients with breast cancer could be affected after diagnosis, especially during treatment. The main objective of this study is investigation of long-term influence of breast cancer on quality of life’s dimensions and mental health status. Methods: This is a multicenter, ongoing longitudinal prospective cohort study which administered in national institute for medical research development in May 2018 in Iran. 1250 patients with breast cancer who were completed their treatments, will be recruited from 5 referral medical centers located in Tehran, to be followed for 5 years. Questionnaires for evaluating the primary and secondary outcomes will be complete by trained investigators during face-to-face interviews with each participant in three phases: immediately after treatment, 1 year and 5 years later. Data will be collected on socio-demographic, quality of life, body image, hope, psychological problems such as anxiety, depression and mood, also sexual function and physical activity. Data will be analyzed in each phase and at the end of the project by SPSS version 22. Discussion: It is the first nationwide, prospective, cohort study with large sample size, long-term follow-up and broad research aims which will evaluate quality of life-related factors in Iranian breast cancer population to justify the existing gap in literature. Trial registration number: National Institute for Medical Research Development (NIMAD) (IR.NIMAD.REC.1397.322) July 1th, 2018.</jats:p