1,661 research outputs found
From coupled elementary units to the complexity of the glass transition
Supercooled liquids display fascinating properties upon cooling such as the
emergence of dynamic length scales. Different models strongly vary with respect
to the choice of the elementary subsystems (CRR) as well as their mutual
coupling. Here we show via computer simulations of a glass former that both
ingredients can be identified via analysis of finite-size effects within the
continuous-time random walk framework. The CRR already contain complete
information about thermodynamics and diffusivity whereas the coupling
determines structural relaxation and the emergence of dynamic length scales
How Does the Past of a Soccer Match Influence Its Future? Concepts and Statistical Analysis
Scoring goals in a soccer match can be interpreted as a stochastic process. In the most simple description of a soccer match one assumes that scoring goals follows from independent rate processes of both teams. This would imply simple Poissonian and Markovian behavior. Deviations from this behavior would imply that the previous course of the match has an impact on the present match behavior. Here a general framework for the identification of deviations from this behavior is presented. For this endeavor it is essential to formulate an a priori estimate of the expected number of goals per team in a specific match. This can be done based on our previous work on the estimation of team strengths. Furthermore, the well-known general increase of the number of the goals in the course of a soccer match has to be removed by appropriate normalization. In general, three different types of deviations from a simple rate process can exist. First, the goal rate may depend on the exact time of the previous goals. Second, it may be influenced by the time passed since the previous goal and, third, it may reflect the present score. We show that the Poissonian scenario is fulfilled quite well for the German Bundesliga. However, a detailed analysis reveals significant deviations for the second and third aspect. Dramatic effects are observed if the away team leads by one or two goals in the final part of the match. This analysis allows one to identify generic features about soccer matches and to learn about the hidden complexities behind scoring goals. Among others the reason for the fact that the number of draws is larger than statistically expected can be identified.
Non Markovian persistence in the diluted Ising model at criticality
We investigate global persistence properties for the non-equilibrium critical
dynamics of the randomly diluted Ising model. The disorder averaged persistence
probability of the global magnetization is found to decay
algebraically with an exponent that we compute analytically in a
dimensional expansion in . Corrections to Markov process are
found to occur already at one loop order and is thus a novel
exponent characterizing this disordered critical point. Our result is
thoroughly compared with Monte Carlo simulations in , which also include a
measurement of the initial slip exponent. Taking carefully into account
corrections to scaling, is found to be a universal exponent,
independent of the dilution factor along the critical line at , and
in good agreement with our one loop calculation.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figure
Fast vectorized algorithm for the Monte Carlo Simulation of the Random Field Ising Model
An algoritm for the simulation of the 3--dimensional random field Ising model
with a binary distribution of the random fields is presented. It uses
multi-spin coding and simulates 64 physically different systems simultaneously.
On one processor of a Cray YMP it reaches a speed of 184 Million spin updates
per second. For smaller field strength we present a version of the algorithm
that can perform 242 Million spin updates per second on the same machine.Comment: 13 pp., HLRZ 53/9
Energy landscape, two-level systems and entropy barriers in Lennard-Jones clusters
We develop an efficient numerical algorithm for the identification of a large
number of saddle points of the potential energy function of Lennard- Jones
clusters. Knowledge of the saddle points allows us to find many thousand
adjacent minima of clusters containing up to 80 argon atoms and to locate many
pairs of minima with the right characteristics to form two-level systems (TLS).
The true TLS are singled out by calculating the ground-state tunneling
splitting. The entropic contribution to all barriers is evaluated and
discussed.Comment: 4 pages, RevTex, 2 PostScript figure
Soccer: is scoring goals a predictable Poissonian process?
The non-scientific event of a soccer match is analysed on a strictly
scientific level. The analysis is based on the recently introduced concept of a
team fitness (Eur. Phys. J. B 67, 445, 2009) and requires the use of
finite-size scaling. A uniquely defined function is derived which
quantitatively predicts the expected average outcome of a soccer match in terms
of the fitness of both teams. It is checked whether temporary fitness
fluctuations of a team hamper the predictability of a soccer match.
To a very good approximation scoring goals during a match can be
characterized as independent Poissonian processes with pre-determined
expectation values. Minor correlations give rise to an increase of the number
of draws. The non-Poissonian overall goal distribution is just a consequence of
the fitness distribution among different teams. The limits of predictability of
soccer matches are quantified. Our model-free classification of the underlying
ingredients determining the outcome of soccer matches can be generalized to
different types of sports events
Is platelet activating factor (PAF) an important mediator in bronchial asthma?
The development of selective PAF receptor antagonists may provide a novel approach to the treatment of human bronchial asthma. In preclinical animal models of human asthma, PAF receptor antagonists have been found to be efficacious in blocking antigen-induced changes in lung function. However, the majority of these models involve acute inflammatory events and transient changes in lung function and, therefore, their relevance to human asthma is questionable. In a recent study with a primate model of chronic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness, we have shown that treatment with a PAF receptor antagonist had no effect on reducing chronic inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. Similarly, recent studies in human asthmatics with PAF receptor antagonists have failed to show efficacy in blocking allergen-induced airway responses or to have any steroid sparing effects in patients with ongoing asthma. Thus, it seems that PAF may not be a key mediator which can be blocked and thereby provide therapy for bronchial asthma
Autism with intellectual disability is associated with increased levels of maternal cytokines and chemokines during gestation.
Immune abnormalities have been described in some individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) as well as their family members. However, few studies have directly investigated the role of prenatal cytokine and chemokine profiles on neurodevelopmental outcomes in humans. In the current study, we characterized mid-gestational serum profiles of 22 cytokines and chemokines in mothers of children with ASD (N=415), developmental delay (DD) without ASD (N=188), and general population (GP) controls (N=428) using a bead-based multiplex technology. The ASD group was further divided into those with intellectual disabilities (developmental/cognitive and adaptive composite score<70) (ASD+ID, N=184) and those without (composite score⩾70) (ASD-noID, N=201). Levels of cytokines and chemokines were compared between groups using multivariate logistic regression analyses, adjusting for maternal age, ethnicity, birth country and weight, as well as infant gender, birth year and birth month. Mothers of children with ASD+ID had significantly elevated mid-gestational levels of numerous cytokines and chemokines, such as granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon-γ, interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and IL-6, compared with mothers of children with either ASD-noID, those with DD, or GP controls. Conversely, mothers of children with either ASD-noID or with DD had significantly lower levels of the chemokines IL-8 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 compared with mothers of GP controls. This observed immunologic distinction between mothers of children with ASD+ID from mothers of children with ASD-noID or DD suggests that the intellectual disability associated with ASD might be etiologically distinct from DD without ASD. These findings contribute to the ongoing efforts toward identification of early biological markers specific to subphenotypes of ASD
The Effectiveness of Poly-(4-vinyl-N-hexylpyridiniumbromide) as an Antibacterial Implant Coating: An In Vitro Study
The clinical success of osseointegrated dental implants depends on the strong attachment of the surrounding hard and soft tissues. Bacterial adhesion on implant surfaces can cause inflammatory reactions and may influence healing and long-term success of dental implants. Promising implant coatings should minimize bacterial adhesion, but allow epithelial and connective tissue attachment. Therefore, the present study has examined the bioactive effect of poly-(4-vinyl-N-hexylpyridiniumbromide) regarding typical oral bacteria as well as cytotoxicitiy to human cells considering different methods of connecting polymers to silicate-containing surfaces. The results revealed that the application of putative antibacterial and biocompatible polymer in coating strategies is affected by a variety of parameters. Published findings regarding reduced bacterial adhesion could not be verified using oral pathogens whereas hexylated polymers seem problematic for strong adhesion of soft tissue. Concerning innovative coatings for dental implants basic aspects (surface roughness, thickness, alkylation, combination with other polymers) have to be considered in further investigations
Self Consistent Screening Approximation For Critical Dynamics
We generalise Bray's self-consistent screening approximation to describe the
critical dynamics of the theory. In order to obtain the dynamical
exponent , we have to make an ansatz for the form of the scaling functions,
which fortunately can be much constrained by general arguments. Numerical
values of for , and are obtained using two different
ans\"atze, and differ by a very small amount. In particular, the value of obtained for the 3-d Ising model agrees well with recent
Monte-Carlo simulations.Comment: 21 pages, LaTeX file + 4 (EPS) figure
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