From national monopoly to Multinational Corporation: how regulation shaped the road towards telecommunications internationalization

One of the consequences of major regulatory reform of the telecommunications sector from the end of the 1970s – particularly, privatization, liberalization and deregulation – was the establishment of a new business environment which permitted former national telecommunications monopolies to expand abroad. From the 1990s, a number of these firms, particularly those based in Europe, joined the rankings of the world’s leading Multinational Corporations. Their internationalization was uneven, however: while some firms internationalised strongly, others ventured abroad much slower. This article explores how the regulatory framework within which telecommunications incumbents evolved over the long-term shaped their subsequent, uneven, paths to internationalization. Two case studies representing ´maximum variation´ are selected: Telefónica, whose early and unrelenting expansion transformed it into one of the world’s most international of Multinational Corporations, and BT, whose overseas ventures failed and, with eroding domestic market share, forced the firm to partially retreat, becoming the least international of the large European incumbents. Long-term ownership, access to capital, management style and exposure to liberalization strongly influenced firms’ approaches to internationalizatio

Urban Growth on Two Continents in the 19th and 20th Centuries. Technology, Networks, Finance and Public Regulation

lo sviluppo delle infrastrutture fra 800 e 900 ha subito numerosi condizionameni di natura economica finanziaria e tecnologic

Urban Growth and the Creation of Integrated Electricity Systems: The Cases of Genoa and Barcelona, 1894-1914

The study is based on a deep research work in the archives of different European countries. It shows in a comparative perspective the construction and development of the network of public utilities in Genova and Barcelona in the decades of the Second Industrial Revolution. Questions of business history, urban history, financial history are all considered in the framework of a first significant period of economic globalization

Parameter- und Technologieuntersuchung. Version 2. Magnetfahrtechnik fuer den schnellen Nah- und Regionalverkehr - Maglev Express (MEX)

To simulate rapid mass- and regional traffic utilization fields must be defined for city- shuttle and urban traffic. On the analog defined model routes computerized simulation is processed for magnetic systems with short stator propulsion STARLEM, with long stator systems Transrapid N and conventional wheel/rail engineering. Technical and economical data are compiled and results analysed. Life-cycle cost of magnetic train- and reference systems are evaluated and analysed. An estimation of the market potential in Germany and selected European countries is carried out. (orig/GL)Zur Abbildung des schnellen Nah- und Regionalverkehrs werden die Einsatzfelder Stadt-, Shuttle- und Urbanverkehr definiert. Auf den analog hierzu definierten Modellstrecken werden fuer das Magnetbahnsystem mit Kurzstatorantrieb STARLIM und das Langstatorsystem Transrapid N sowie Referenzfahrzeuge aus der R/S-Technik Simulationsrechnungen durchgefuehrt. Betrieblich-technische und wirtschaftliche Daten werden zusammengestellt und die Ergebnisse analysiert. Die Lebenszykluskosten der Magnetbahnsysteme und der Referenzsysteme werden ermittelt und bewertet. Es wird eine Abschaetzung des Marktpotenzials in Deutschland und ausgewaehlten europaeischen Laendern vorgenommen. (orig.)Available from TIB Hannover: F02B1805 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEBundesministerium fuer Bildung und Forschung, Berlin (Germany)DEGerman