Forged Checks the Duty of the Depositor to His Bank

During the last twenty-five years the courts with increasing frequencyhave been called upon to decide where the law ought to placethe loss when a bank pays a forged check and charges it to the accountof a depositor, believing that he drew the check as presented. Thebroad statement that a bank pays a check at its peril is so frequently metwith that it is likely to make the impression that a depositor enjoys animmunity from change in his legal relations to the bank, save as thebank pays checks that are in fact his orders. It is well settled, however,that the failure of a depositor to notify his bank after he knows,or ought to know, that it has paid a forged check and charged it to hisaccount, will, under some circumstances, result in undesirable financialconsequence to him, though its extent, as well as the basis upon whichit is imposed, are matters about which there is a variety of judicialopinion. It is proposed to examine herein the broad principle referredto above and seek to ascertain when and to what extent the depositor\u27sconduct subsequent to payment affects his legal relations to the bank

Yielding and flow in adhesive and non-adhesive concentrated emulsions

The nonlinear rheological response of soft glassy materials is addressed experimentally by focusing on concentrated emulsions where interdroplet attraction is tuned through varying the surfactant content. Velocity profiles are recorded using ultrasonic velocimetry simultaneously to global rheological data in the Couette geometry. Our data show that non-adhesive and adhesive emulsions have radically different flow behaviors in the vicinity of yielding: while the flow remains homogeneous in the non-adhesive emulsion and the Herschel-Bulkley model for a yield stress fluid describes the data very accurately, the adhesive system displays shear localization and does not follow a simple constitutive equation, suggesting that the mechanisms involved in yielding transitions are not universal.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures, to appear in Physical Review Letter

Exploring constrained quantum control landscapes

The broad success of optimally controlling quantum systems with external fields has been attributed to the favorable topology of the underlying control landscape, where the landscape is the physical observable as a function of the controls. The control landscape can be shown to contain no suboptimal trapping extrema upon satisfaction of reasonable physical assumptions, but this topological analysis does not hold when significant constraints are placed on the control resources. This work employs simulations to explore the topology and features of the control landscape for pure-state population transfer with a constrained class of control fields. The fields are parameterized in terms of a set of uniformly spaced spectral frequencies, with the associated phases acting as the controls. Optimization results reveal that the minimum number of phase controls necessary to assure a high yield in the target state has a special dependence on the number of accessible energy levels in the quantum system, revealed from an analysis of the first- and second-order variation of the yield with respect to the controls. When an insufficient number of controls and/or a weak control fluence are employed, trapping extrema and saddle points are observed on the landscape. When the control resources are sufficiently flexible, solutions producing the globally maximal yield are found to form connected `level sets' of continuously variable control fields that preserve the yield. These optimal yield level sets are found to shrink to isolated points on the top of the landscape as the control field fluence is decreased, and further reduction of the fluence turns these points into suboptimal trapping extrema on the landscape. Although constrained control fields can come in many forms beyond the cases explored here, the behavior found in this paper is illustrative of the impacts that constraints can introduce.Comment: 10 figure

Quantum Multiobservable Control

We present deterministic algorithms for the simultaneous control of an arbitrary number of quantum observables. Unlike optimal control approaches based on cost function optimization, quantum multiobservable tracking control (MOTC) is capable of tracking predetermined homotopic trajectories to target expectation values in the space of multiobservables. The convergence of these algorithms is facilitated by the favorable critical topology of quantum control landscapes. Fundamental properties of quantum multiobservable control landscapes that underlie the efficiency of MOTC, including the multiobservable controllability Gramian, are introduced. The effects of multiple control objectives on the structure and complexity of optimal fields are examined. With minor modifications, the techniques described herein can be applied to general quantum multiobjective control problems.Comment: To appear in Physical Review

Description of a lunar rainbow

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Letters to the Editor

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/65147/1/j.1752-7325.1989.tb02065.x.pd

Investigation of Pitot tubes

Report describes the principles of operation and characteristics of some of the instruments which have been devised or used to measure both low and high speeds of aeroplanes. Since the pitot tube is the instrument which has been most commonly used in the United States and Great Britain as a speedometer for aeroplanes, it is treated first and somewhat more fully than the others