A cluster randomised controlled trial of an occupational therapy intervention for residents with stroke living in UK care homes (OTCH): study protocol.

BACKGROUND: The occupational therapy (OT) in care homes study (OTCH) aims to investigate the effect of a targeted course of individual OT (with task training, provision of adaptive equipment, minor environmental adaptations and staff education) for stroke survivors living in care homes, compared to usual care. METHODS/DESIGN: A cluster randomised controlled trial of United Kingdom (UK) care homes (n = 90) with residents (n = 900) who have suffered a stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA), and who are not receiving end-of-life care. Homes will be stratified by centre and by type of care provided and randomised (50:50) using computer generated blocked randomisation within strata to receive either the OT intervention (3 months intervention from an occupational therapist) or control (usual care). Staff training on facilitating independence and mobility and the use of adaptive equipment, will be delivered to every home, with control homes receiving this after the 12 month follow-up.Allocation will be concealed from the independent assessors, but the treating therapists, and residents will not be masked to the intervention. Measurements are taken at baseline prior to randomisation and at 3, 6 and 12 months post randomisation. The primary outcome measure is independence in self-care activities of daily living (Barthel Activities of Daily Living Index). Secondary outcome measures are mobility (Rivermead Mobility Index), mood (Geriatric Depression Scale), preference based quality of life measured from EQ-5D and costs associated with each intervention group. Quality adjusted life years (QALYs) will be derived based on the EQ-5D scores. Cost effectiveness analysis will be estimated and measured by incremental cost effectiveness ratio. Adverse events will be recorded. DISCUSSION: This study will be the largest cluster randomised controlled trial of OT in care homes to date and will clarify the currently inconclusive literature on the efficacy of OT for stroke and TIA survivors residing in care homes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN00757750.RIGHTS : This article is licensed under the BioMed Central licence at http://www.biomedcentral.com/about/license which is similar to the 'Creative Commons Attribution Licence'. In brief you may : copy, distribute, and display the work; make derivative works; or make commercial use of the work - under the following conditions: the original author must be given credit; for any reuse or distribution, it must be made clear to others what the license terms of this work are

The prevalence of enduring postnatal perineal morbidity and its relationship to perineal trauma

Objective: to investigate the prevalence of enduring postnatal perineal morbidity and its relationship to perineal trauma. Design: a retrospective cross-sectional community survey of postnatal women. Participants and setting: a total population sample of 2100 women were surveyed from two maternity units within Birmingham. Women were identified from the Trust’s computerised Maternity Information System (MIS). Methods: Women were surveyed using a self-administered postal questionnaire 12 months after birth. The questionnaire included self-assessment of perineal pain, perineal healing, urinary incontinence, flatus incontinence, faecal incontinence, sexual morbidity and dyspareunia. Findings: a response rate of 23.3% was achieved (n ¼ 482). A high level of perineal morbidity was reported (53.8% stress urinary incontinence, 36.6% urge urinary incontinence, 9.9% liquid faecal incontinence, 54.5% with at least one index of sexual morbidity). Women with perineal trauma reported significantly more morbidity (sexual morbidity, dyspareunia, stress and urge urinary incontinence) than women with an intact perineum. Women with perineal trauma also resumed sexual intercourse later than women with an intact perineum. Women with a first- or second-degree tear reported significantly more perineal morbidity (stress incontinence, sexual morbidity) than women with an intact perineum, and resumed sexual intercourse later. However, a high percentage of women with an intact perineum also reported new-onset perineal morbidity: stress urinary incontinence (34.8%); urge urinary incontinence (19.5%); flatus incontinence (13.8%); and dyspareunia (25.3%), highlighting that enduring perineal morbidity can occur irrespective of perineal trauma. Conclusion: enduring postnatal perineal morbidity is common in women with all types and grades of perineal trauma and intact perineum after childbirth. This highlights the need for further debate and research into the prevalence and experience of postnatal morbidity

A Q methodology study of women's experience of enduring postnatal perineal and pelvic floor morbidity

Objective: to explore women’s experiences of enduring postnatal perineal and pelvic floor morbidity. Design: a retrospective Q methodology study of postnatal women between 12 and 18 months postpartum. Setting: maternity services at the Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham. Participants: women were self-identified by expression of interest as part of their earlier involvement in a retrospective cross-sectional community survey of enduring postnatal perineal and pelvic floor morbidity. Twenty women responded to the invitation posted on the back of the initial survey questionnaire. All 20 women took part in stage one (interview) of the study (100% response rate). Fourteen women returned the completed response grids in stage four after 1 month of dissemination (response rate 70%). Methods: the project included five stages: (1) data were gathered using an individual face-to-face, semi-structured, community-based interview method (developing the concourse); (2) the concourse was analysed using MAXqda (2004) to produce ‘themes’; (3) the themes were reduced to ‘statements’ that reflected the overall content of the concourse using an unstructured evolving approach to Q set design (giving the Q set); (4) participants were asked to sort the statements (Q sorting) according to a pre-designed distribution grid (providing individual participant response grids); and (5) the response grids were factor analysed using PQMethod (V2.0), which generates clusters of participants rather than clusters of variables. Factor loadings were calculated using factor analysis by principal components with varimax rotation. This produced a list of factors, each of which represents a ‘story’ of women’s experience of enduring postnatal perineal and pelvic floor morbidity. Findings: five factors were identified: perineal morbidity of minor inconvenience, insufficient support and services, the ‘taboo’ subject of enduring perineal and pelvic floor morbidity, normalising morbidity and the isolation of perineal morbidity. Women varied in their experiences of enduring postnatal perineal and pelvic floor morbidity, with some having minor problems, with little affect on daily living, whereas others were significantly affected. The affect of the morbidity varied. Women highlighted the lack of service provision for these problems and stated that health-care practitioners, and society at large, were often dismissive of, or trivialised, their experiences of enduring postnatal perineal and pelvic floor morbidity. Conclusion: the findings from this study highlight that the postnatal recovery period is longer than the presumed 6 weeks. The effect of postnatal perineal and pelvic floor morbidity on women’s lives varies, and more long-term postnatal health support and research using women-centred outcomes is needed

Maternity services in multi-cultural Britain: using Q methodology to explore the views of first- and second-generation women of Pakistani origin

Objective to explore first- and second-generation Pakistani women’s experiences of maternity services and the inter generational differences/comparisons. Design a retrospective Q methodology study of Pakistani women following childbirth. Setting two Children's Centres in an inner city in the West Midlands. Participants women self-identified following distribution of information leaflets at Children’s Centres. Fifteen women took part in interviews (Stage one) using a semi-structured design and 16 women participated in the completion of the Q grid sorting (Stage four). Methods a standard five-stage Q methodology process took place: (1) initial data were gathered using a combination of individual face-to-face and focus group semi-structured community-based interviews (developing the concourse); (2) transcribed interviews were analysed for ‘themes’; (3) the themes were reduced to ‘statements’ that reflected the overall content of the concourse using an unstructured evolving approach (giving the Q set); (4) participants were asked to sort the statements (Q sorting) according to a pre-designed distribution grid providing individual participant response grids; and (5) the response grids were factor analysed using PQ Method (V2.11), which generates clusters of participants rather than clusters of variables. Factor loadings were calculated using factor analysis by principal components with varimax rotation. This produced a list of factors, each of which represents a ‘story’ of women’s experiences of maternity services. Throughout the process, an Urdu interpreter was involved. Findings six factors were identified: (1) confidence and empowerment of women who had attended higher education and had family support; (2) isolation of some women from both family and maternity services; (3) women who had poor experiences of maternity services but good family support, and wanted opportunities to be involved in service development; (4) women with positive experiences of maternity care and influenced by traditional cultural practices; (5) importance of information and support from health-care professionals; and (6) importance of midwifery care to women. Conclusion there were no clear inter generational differences identified, but a breadth of opinion and experience that seemed to be influenced by level of both education and social support was found. Whereas some women had few demands of maternity services, those who had less support and those with language barriers had additional needs. Implications for practice care given should be based on individual need but given within a wider collaborative context in order to support women effectively. Increased maternity service user involvement would also be welcomed for future planning of maternity services

A systematic review of the use of Reiki in health care

The main purpose of the study was to determine what the national and international evidence reveals about the use of Reiki in health care. The study was designed as a systematic review of the available literature on Reiki, with extraction of all papers presenting primary research on its use in health care. Two chief independent assessors (S.H-M. and F.P-K.) conducted this systematic review over a 12-month period in 2005 and 2006. Specific data collected in the review included the: (1) aims and health care focus of the research and the country in which it was conducted; (2) professional group(s) involved in the research; (3) designs, samples, and methods used in each research study; (4) Reiki technique used and the duration and frequency of treatment, and level of expertise of the practitioner; and (5) outcomes of the research. Studies were also reviewed for the recommendations the researchers made for development of the practice of Reiki, its adoption and the scope of its use, and future research in Reiki

A systematic review of the impact of patient and public involvement on service users, researchers and communities

Objective Patient and public involvement (PPI) in research has expanded nationally and internationally over the last decade, and recently there has been significant attention given to understanding its impact on research. Less attention has been given to the impact of PPI on the people involved, yet it has been shown that the success of PPI in research can be reliant on the processes of engagement between these individuals and communities. This paper therefore critically explores the impact of PPI on service users, researchers and communities involved in health and social care research. Data Sources Searches were undertaken from 1995 to April 2012 in the electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Cochrane library, CINAHL, HMIC and HELMIS. Searches were undertaken for grey literature using the databases InvoNet and NHS Evidence. Study Selection Studies were included if they included the impact of PPI on individual service users, researchers or communities under research. Studies were excluded if they were in a foreign language (unless they were deemed critical to the systematic review) or were in children and adolescent services. Study Appraisal Data were extracted using a narrative synthesis, and quality was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. Main Results Service users reported feeling empowered and valued, gaining confidence and life skills. Researchers developed a greater understanding and insight into their research area, gaining respect and a good rapport with the community. The community involved in research became more aware and knowledgeable about their condition. However, lack of preparation and training led some service users to feel unable to contribute to the research, while other service users and communities reported feeling overburdened with the work involved. Researchers reported difficulties in incorporating PPI in meaningful ways due to lack of money and time. Conclusion This is the first international systematic review to focus on the impact of PPI on the people involved in the process. The beneficial and challenging impacts reported highlight the importance of optimising the context and processes of involvement, so creating the potential for PPI to impact positively on the research itself

A cluster randomised controlled trial of an occupational therapy intervention for residents with stroke living in UK care homes (OTCH): study protocol

Abstract Background: The occupational therapy (OT) in care homes study (OTCH) aims to investigate the effect of a targeted course of individual OT (with task training, provision of adaptive equipment, minor environmental adaptations and staff education) for stroke survivors living in care homes, compared to usual care