Does electrification spur the fertility transition? evidence from Indonesia

We analyze various pathways through which access to electricity affects fertility in Indonesia, using a district difference-in-difference approach. The electrification rate increased by 65 % over the study period, and our results suggest that the subsequent effects on fertility account for about 18 % to 24 % of the overall decline in fertility. A key channel is increased exposure to television. Using in addition several waves of Demographic and Health Surveys, we find suggestive evidence that increased exposure to TV affects, in particular, fertility preferences and increases the effective use of contraception. Reduced child mortality seems to be another important pathway

Structural study of the apatite Nd8Sr2Si6O26 by laue neutron diffraction and single-crystal raman spectroscopy

A single-crystal structure determination of Nd8Sr2Si6O26 apatite, a prototype intermediate-temperature electrolyte for solid oxide fuel cells grown by the floating-zone method, was completed using the combination of Laue neutron diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. While neutron diffraction was in good agreement with P6₃/m symmetry, the possibility of P6₃ could not be convincingly excluded. This ambiguity was removed by the collection of orientation-dependent Raman spectra that could only be consistent with P6₃/m. The composition of Nd8Sr2Si6O26 was independently verified by powder X-ray diffraction in combination with electron probe microanalysis, with the latter confirming a homogeneous distribution of Sr and the absence of chemical zonation commonly observed in apatites. This comprehensive crystallochemical description of Nd8Sr2Si6O26 provides a baseline to quantify the efficacy of cation vacancies, oxygen superstoichiometry, and symmetry modification for promoting oxygen-ion mobility

Oxygen Migration in Dense Spark Plasma Sintered Aluminum-Doped Neodymium Silicate Apatite Electrolytes

Neodymium silicate apatites are promising intermediate temperature (500°C–700°C) electrolytes for solid oxide fuel cells. The introduction of Al promotes isotropic percolation of O2−, and at low levels (0.83–2.0 wt% Al) enhances bulk conductivity. To better understand the effect of Al-doping on intrinsic conductivity, and the impact of grain boundaries on the transport, dense Nd9.33+x/3AlxSi6−xO26 (0 ≤ x ≤ 2) pellets were prepared by spark plasma sintering. Phase purity of the products was established by powder X-ray diffraction and the microstructure examined by scanning electron microscopy. The ionic conductivity measured by AC impedance spectroscopy for the spark plasma sintered ceramics were compared with transport in single crystals of similar composition. Intermediate Al-doping (0.5 ≤ x ≤ 1.5) delivered superior overall conductivity for both the polycrystalline and single crystal specimens.ASTAR (Agency for Sci., Tech. and Research, S’pore)Accepted versio

Oxygen migration in dense spark plasma sintered aluminum-doped neodymium silicate apatite electrolytes

Neodymium silicate apatites are promising intermediate temperature (500°C-700°C) electrolytes for solid oxide fuel cells. The introduction of Al promotes isotropic percolation of O2-, and at low levels (0.83-2.0 wt% Al) enhances bulk conductivity. To b

Structural study of the apatite Nd₈Sr₂Si₆O₂₆ by Laue neutron diffraction and single-crystal Raman spectroscopy

A single-crystal structure determination of Nd8Sr2Si6O26 apatite, a prototype intermediate-temperature electrolyte for solid oxide fuel cells grown by the floating-zone method, was completed using the combination of Laue neutron diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. While neutron diffraction was in good agreement with P63/m symmetry, the possibility of P63 could not be convincingly excluded. This ambiguity was removed by the collection of orientation-dependent Raman spectra that could only be consistent with P63/m. The composition of Nd8Sr2Si6O26 was independently verified by powder X-ray diffraction in combination with electron probe microanalysis, with the latter confirming a homogeneous distribution of Sr and the absence of chemical zonation commonly observed in apatites. This comprehensive crystallochemical description of Nd8Sr2Si6O26 provides a baseline to quantify the efficacy of cation vacancies, oxygen superstoichiometry, and symmetry modification for promoting oxygen-ion mobility.ASTAR (Agency for Sci., Tech. and Research, S’pore)Accepted versio

Structural Study of the Apatite Nd₈Sr₂Si₆O₂₆ by Laue Neutron Diffraction and Single-Crystal Raman Spectroscopy

A single-crystal structure determination of Nd8Sr2Si6O26 apatite, a prototype intermediate-temperature electrolyte for solid oxide fuel cells grown by the floating-zone method, was completed using the combination of Laue neutron diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. While neutron diffraction was in good agreement with P63/m symmetry, the possibility of P63 could not be convincingly excluded. This ambiguity was removed by the collection of orientation-dependent Raman spectra that could only be consistent with P63/m. The composition of Nd8Sr2Si6O26 was independently verified by powder X-ray diffraction in combination with electron probe microanalysis, with the latter confirming a homogeneous distribution of Sr and the absence of chemical zonation commonly observed in apatites. This comprehensive crystallochemical description of Nd8Sr2Si6O26 provides a baseline to quantify the efficacy of cation vacancies, oxygen superstoichiometry, and symmetry modification for promoting oxygen-ion mobility

Structural Study of the Apatite Nd₈Sr₂Si₆O₂₆ by Laue Neutron Diffraction and Single-Crystal Raman Spectroscopy

A single-crystal structure determination of Nd₈Sr₂Si₆O₂₆ apatite, a prototype intermediate-temperature electrolyte for solid oxide fuel cells grown by the floating-zone method, was completed using the combination of Laue neutron diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. While neutron diffraction was in good agreement with <i>P</i>6₃/<i>m</i> symmetry, the possibility of <i>P</i>6₃ could not be convincingly excluded. This ambiguity was removed by the collection of orientation-dependent Raman spectra that could only be consistent with <i>P</i>6₃/<i>m</i>. The composition of Nd₈Sr₂Si₆O₂₆ was independently verified by powder X-ray diffraction in combination with electron probe microanalysis, with the latter confirming a homogeneous distribution of Sr and the absence of chemical zonation commonly observed in apatites. This comprehensive crystallochemical description of Nd₈Sr₂Si₆O₂₆ provides a baseline to quantify the efficacy of cation vacancies, oxygen superstoichiometry, and symmetry modification for promoting oxygen-ion mobility

Structural Study of the Apatite Nd₈Sr₂Si₆O₂₆ by Laue Neutron Diffraction and Single-Crystal Raman Spectroscopy

A single-crystal structure determination of Nd₈Sr₂Si₆O₂₆ apatite, a prototype intermediate-temperature electrolyte for solid oxide fuel cells grown by the floating-zone method, was completed using the combination of Laue neutron diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. While neutron diffraction was in good agreement with <i>P</i>6₃/<i>m</i> symmetry, the possibility of <i>P</i>6₃ could not be convincingly excluded. This ambiguity was removed by the collection of orientation-dependent Raman spectra that could only be consistent with <i>P</i>6₃/<i>m</i>. The composition of Nd₈Sr₂Si₆O₂₆ was independently verified by powder X-ray diffraction in combination with electron probe microanalysis, with the latter confirming a homogeneous distribution of Sr and the absence of chemical zonation commonly observed in apatites. This comprehensive crystallochemical description of Nd₈Sr₂Si₆O₂₆ provides a baseline to quantify the efficacy of cation vacancies, oxygen superstoichiometry, and symmetry modification for promoting oxygen-ion mobility