Bioethanol production by fermentation of hemicellulosic hydrolysates of african palm residues using an adapted strain of scheffersomyces stipitis

Ethanol production using a strain of Scheffersomyces stipitis (Pichia stipitis) adapted to inhibitors of african palm hydrolysates was evaluated. The strain adaptation by cultivations in mediums progressively concentrated with inhibitors after 20 subcultures was achieved. Then the variables orbital agitation, medium volume and inoculum volume were studied for ethanol production, finding that orbital agitation and culture medium volume were significant on maximal ethanol concentration while culture medium volume and inoculum volume were significant on ethanol productivity. Maximal ethanol concentration and yield were 8.48 gl-1 and 0.39 gg-1 achieved with 125 rpm, 6.75x107 cells ml-11 and 140 ml of medium. Maximal ethanol productivity was 0.062 gl-1h-1 achieved with 125 rpm, inoculum of 99.63x107 cells ml-1 and 90 ml of culture medium. Yeast adaptation showed to be and good strategy to produce ethanol from hemicellulosic residues of african palm tree, avoiding the detoxification processes

Avaliação do método de extração SPME-GC-MS para a análise de compostos orgânicos voláteis em licor de cacau do Nariño-Colômbia

En la presente investigación se determinaron las condiciones óptimas de tiempo, temperatura y tipo de fibra para la extracción por el método HS-SPME de compuestos orgánicos volátiles (COV´'s) presentes en licor de cacao, mediante la aplicación de un diseño experimental factorial usando la metodología de superficie de respuesta. Las condiciones óptimas determinadas para extraer un mayor número de COV´s mediante el análisis multivariable fueron: 50 min, 60 °C y el tipo de fibra DVB/CAR-PDMS. La precisión del método fue adecuada, con valores de coeficiente de variación (% CV) para la repetibilidad de 0,59 a 11,39 % y 4,29 a 12,93 % de reproducibilidad. El desarrollo del método se realizó empleando una muestra de licor de cacao CCN51 como referencia, producido por la asociación Cortepaz en el municipio de Tumaco en el Departamento de Nariño-Colombia, según las condiciones de fermentación, secado y tostado tradicionales de la región. Utilizando las condiciones óptimas de extracción, se identificaron 39 COV´´'s mayoritarios mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (GC-MS). Los resultados determinaron que el licor de cacao presentó principalmente compuestos tipo aldehído, cetona, alcohol, pirazina, éster, terpeno, ácido y lactona, de los cuales los mayoritarios fueron el ácido acético, 2-propanol y 3-etil-2,5-dimetil-pirazina, con porcentajes (%) relativos de área del 46,16; 8,96 y 4,64 respectivamente.In this research, the optimal conditions of time, temperature and fiber type were determined for the HS-SPME extraction method of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) presents in cocoa liquor, for this purpose, a factorial experimental design using the response surface methodology was applied. The optimal conditions determined in order to extract a greater number of VOCs through multivariable analysis were 50 min, 60 °C and the DVB/CAR-PDMS fiber. The precision of the method was adequate with a variation coefficient values (%CV) in terms of repeatability of 0.59 to 11.39 % and 4.29 to 12.93 % in reproducibility terms. The method development was carried out using a sample of cocoa liquor from CCN51 variety as reference, produced by the Cortepaz association in the municipality of Tumaco in Nariño-Colombia, according to the traditional fermentation, drying and roasting conditions implemented in the region. Using the optimal extraction conditions, 39 major VOCs were identified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC- MS). The results determined that cocoa liquor mainly presented aldehyde, ketone, alcohol, pyrazine, ester, terpene, acid and lactone compounds, of which acetic acid, 2-propanol and 3-ethyl-2.5-dimethyl-pyrazine were found to the majority with a relative area percentages (%) of 46.16; 8.96 and 4.64 respectively.Na presente investigação, foram determinadas as condições ótimas de tempo, temperatura e tipo de fibra para a extração pelo método HS-SPME de compostos orgânicos voláteis (COV´´´'s) presentes no licor de cacau, por meio da aplicação de um planejamento experimental fatorial utilizando a superfície de resposta metodologia. As condições ótimas determinadas para extrair um maior número de VOCs através da análise multivariada foram: 50 min, 60 °C e o tipo de fibra DVB/CAR-PDMS. A precisão do método foi adequada, com valores de coeficiente de variação (% CV) para repetibilidade de 0,59 a 11,39 % e 4,29 a 12,93 % de reprodutibilidade. O desenvolvimento do método foi realizado usando como referência uma amostra de licor de cacau CCN51, produzido pela associação Cortepaz no município de Tumaco no departamento de Nariño-Colombia, de acordo com as condições tradicionais de fermentação, secagem e torrefação da região. Usando as condições ótimas de extração, 39 COV´'s principais foramidentificados por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massa (GC-MS). Os resultados determinaram que o licor de cacau apresentou principalmente compostos como aldeído, cetona, álcool, pirazina, éster, terpeno, ácido e lactona, sendo a maioria ácido acético, 2-propanol e 3-etil-2,5-dimetilpirazina, com uma porcentagens (%) de área relativa de 46,16; 8,96 e 4,64 respectivamente

The CMS Statistical Analysis and Combination Tool: COMBINE

International audienceThis paper describes the COMBINE software package used for statistical analyses by the CMS Collaboration. The package, originally designed to perform searches for a Higgs boson and the combined analysis of those searches, has evolved to become the statistical analysis tool presently used in the majority of measurements and searches performed by the CMS Collaboration. It is not specific to the CMS experiment, and this paper is intended to serve as a reference for users outside of the CMS Collaboration, providing an outline of the most salient features and capabilities. Readers are provided with the possibility to run COMBINE and reproduce examples provided in this paper using a publicly available container image. Since the package is constantly evolving to meet the demands of ever-increasing data sets and analysis sophistication, this paper cannot cover all details of COMBINE. However, the online documentation referenced within this paper provides an up-to-date and complete user guide

Dark sector searches with the CMS experiment

Astrophysical observations provide compelling evidence for gravitationally interacting dark matter in the universe that cannot be explained by the standard model of particle physics. The extraordinary amount of data from the CERN LHC presents a unique opportunity to shed light on the nature of dark matter at unprecedented collision energies. This Report comprehensively reviews the most recent searches with the CMS experiment for particles and interactions belonging to a dark sector and for dark-sector mediators. Models with invisible massive particles are probed by searches for signatures of missing transverse momentum recoiling against visible standard model particles. Searches for mediators are also conducted via fully visible final states. The results of these searches are compared with those obtained from direct-detection experiments. Searches for alternative scenarios predicting more complex dark sectors with multiple new particles and new forces are also presented. Many of these models include long-lived particles, which could manifest themselves with striking unconventional signatures with relatively small amounts of background. Searches for such particles are discussed and their impact on dark-sector scenarios is evaluated. Many results and interpretations have been newly obtained for this Report.Astrophysical observations provide compelling evidence for gravitationally interacting dark matter in the universe that cannot be explained by the standard model of particle physics. The extraordinary amount of data from the CERN LHC presents a unique opportunity to shed light on the nature of dark matter at unprecedented collision energies. This Report comprehensively reviews the most recent searches with the CMS experiment for particles and interactions belonging to a dark sector and for dark-sector mediators. Models with invisible massive particles are probed by searches for signatures of missing transverse momentum recoiling against visible standard model particles. Searches for mediators are also conducted via fully visible final states. The results of these searches are compared with those obtained from direct-detection experiments. Searches for alternative scenarios predicting more complex dark sectors with multiple new particles and new forces are also presented. Many of these models include long-lived particles, which could manifest themselves with striking unconventional signatures with relatively small amounts of background. Searches for such particles are discussed and their impact on dark-sector scenarios is evaluated. Many results and interpretations have been newly obtained for this Report

Search for long-lived heavy neutrinos in the decays of B mesons produced in proton-proton collisions at s\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV

International audienceA search for long-lived heavy neutrinos (N) in the decays of \PB mesons produced in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV is presented. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 41.6 fb$^{-1}$ collected in 2018 by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC, using a dedicated data stream that enhances the number of recorded events containing B mesons. The search probes heavy neutrinos with masses in the range 1 $\lt$$m_\mathrm{N}$$\lt$ 3 GeV and decay lengths in the range 10$^{-2}$$\lt$$c\tau$$\lt$ 10$^{4}$ mm, where $\tau_\mathrm{N}$ is the N proper mean lifetime. Signal events are defined by the signature B $\to$$\ell_\mathrm{B}$NX; N $\to$$\ell^{\pm} \pi^{\mp}$, where the leptons $\ell_\mathrm{B}$ and $\ell$ can be either a muon or an electron, provided that at least one of them is a muon. The hadronic recoil system, X, is treated inclusively and is not reconstructed. No significant excess of events over the standard model background is observed in any of the $\ell^{\pm}\pi^{\mp}$ invariant mass distributions. Limits at 95% confidence level on the sum of the squares of the mixing amplitudes between heavy and light neutrinos, $\vert V_\mathrm{N}\vert^2$, and on $c\tau$ are obtained in different mixing scenarios for both Majorana and Dirac-like N particles. The most stringent upper limit $\vert V_\mathrm{N}\vert^2$ $\lt$ 2.0$\times$10$^{-5}$ is obtained at $m_\mathrm{N}$ = 1.95 GeV for the Majorana case where N mixes exclusively with muon neutrinos. The limits on $\vert V_\mathrm{N}\vert^2$ for masses 1 $\lt$ $m_\mathrm{N}$ $\lt$ 1.7 GeV are the most stringent from a collider experiment to date

Observation of double J/ψ\psi meson production in pPb collisions at sNN\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}} = 8.16 TeV

International audienceThe first observation of the concurrent production of two J/$\psi$ mesons in proton-nucleus collisions is presented. The analysis is based on a proton-lead (pPb) data sample recorded at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of 8.16 TeV by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 174.6 nb$^{-1}$. The two J/$\psi$ mesons are reconstructed in their $\mu^+\mu^-$ decay channels with transverse momenta $p_\mathrm{T}$$\gt$ 6.5 GeV and rapidity $\lvert y \rvert$$\lt$ 2.4. Events where one of the J/$\psi$ mesons is reconstructed in the dielectron channel are also considered in the search. The pPb $\to$ J/$\psi$J/$\psi$+X process is observed with a significance of 5.3 standard deviations. The measured inclusive fiducial cross section, using the four-muon channel alone, is $\sigma$(pPb$\to$ J/$\psi$J/$\psi$+X)= 22.0 $\pm$ 8.9 (stat) $\pm$ 1.5 (syst) nb. A fit of the data to the expected rapidity separation for pairs of J/$\psi$ mesons produced in single (SPS) and double (DPS) parton scatterings yields $\sigma^{\mathrm{pPb}\to\mathrm{J}/\psi\mathrm{J}/\psi+\mathrm{X}}_\text{SPS}$ = 16.5 $\pm$ 10.8 (stat) $\pm$ 0.1 (syst) nb and $\sigma^{\mathrm{pPb}\to \mathrm{J}/\psi\mathrm{J}/\psi+\mathrm{X}}_\text{DPS}$ = 5.4 $\pm$ 6.2 (stat) $\pm$ 0.4 (syst) nb, respectively. This latter result can be transformed into a lower bound on the effective DPS cross section, closely related to the squared average interparton transverse separation in the collision, of $\sigma_\text{eff}$$\gt$ 1.0 mb at 95% confidence level

Measurement of inclusive and differential cross sections for W+^{+}W−^{-} production in proton-proton collisions at s= \sqrt{s} = 13.6 TeV

Measurements at $\sqrt{s}=$ 13.6 TeV of the opposite-sign W boson pair production cross section in proton-proton collisions are presented. The data used in this study were collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC in 2022, and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 34.8 fb$^{-1}$. Events are selected by requiring one electron and one muon of opposite charge. A maximum likelihood fit is performed on signal- and background-enriched data categories defined by the flavour and charge of the leptons, the number of jets, and number of jets originating from b quarks. An inclusive W$^{+}$W$^{-}$ production cross section of 125.7 $\pm$ 5.6 pb is measured, in agreement with standard model predictions. Cross sections are also reported in a fiducial region close to that of the detector acceptance, both inclusively and differentially, as a function of the jet multiplicity in the event. For first time in proton-proton collisions, WW events with at least two reconstructed jets are studied and compared with recent theoretical predictions.Measurements at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13.6 TeV of the opposite-sign W boson pair production cross section in proton-proton collisions are presented. The data used in this study were collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC in 2022, and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 34.8 fb$^{-1}$. Events are selected by requiring one electron and one muon of opposite charge. A maximum likelihood fit is performed on signal- and background-enriched data categories defined by the flavour and charge of the leptons, the number of jets, and number of jets originating from b quarks. An inclusive W$^+$W$^-$ production cross section of 125.7 $\pm$ 5.6 pb is measured, in agreement with standard model predictions. Cross sections are also reported in a fiducial region close to that of the detector acceptance, both inclusively and differentially, as a function of the jet multiplicity in the event. For first time in proton-proton collisions, WW events with at least two reconstructed jets are studied and compared with recent theoretical predictions

Observation of the J/ψ\psi →\to μ+μ−μ+μ−\mu^+\mu^-\mu^+\mu^- decay in proton-proton collisions at s\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV

International audienceThe J/$\psi$$\to$$\mu^+\mu^-\mu^+\mu^-$ decay has been observed with a statistical significance in excess of five standard deviations. The analysis is based on an event sample of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, collected by the CMS experiment in 2018 and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 33.6 fb${-1}$. Normalizing to the J/$\psi$$\to$$\mu^+\mu^-$ decay mode leads to a branching fraction [10.1$^{+3.3}_{-2.7}$ (stat) $\pm$ 0.4 (syst) ]$\times$ 10$^{-7}$, a value that is consistent with the standard model prediction

Enriching the physics program of the CMS experiment via data scouting and data parking

International audienceSpecialized data-taking and data-processing techniques were introduced by the CMS experiment in Run 1 of the CERN LHC to enhance the sensitivity of searches for new physics and the precision of standard model measurements. These techniques, termed data scouting and data parking, extend the data-taking capabilities of CMS beyond the original design specifications. The novel data-scouting strategy trades complete event information for higher event rates, while keeping the data bandwidth within limits. Data parking involves storing a large amount of raw detector data collected by algorithms with low trigger thresholds to be processed when sufficient computational power is available to handle such data. The research program of the CMS Collaboration is greatly expanded with these techniques. The implementation, performance, and physics results obtained with data scouting and data parking in CMS over the last decade are discussed in this Report, along with new developments aimed at further improving low-mass physics sensitivity over the next years of data taking

Observation of the J/ψ\psi→\toμ+μ−μ+μ−\mu^+\mu^-\mu^+\mu^- decay in proton-proton collisions at s\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV

International audienceThe J/$\psi$$\to$$\mu^+\mu^-\mu^+\mu^-$ decay has been observed with a statistical significance in excess of five standard deviations. The analysis is based on an event sample of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, collected by the CMS experiment in 2018 and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 33.6 fb${-1}$. Normalizing to the J/$\psi$$\to$$\mu^+\mu^-$ decay mode leads to a branching fraction [10.1$^{+3.3}_{-2.7}$ (stat) $\pm$ 0.4 (syst) ]$\times$ 10$^{-7}$, a value that is consistent with the standard model prediction