Endocarditis bacteriana: características epidemiológicas

Background: Infective endocarditis is an infection of the endothelium of the heart. In the era of interventional cardiology and radiology, infective endocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus is becoming more relevant. Methodology: A sistematic review was carried out through various databases from January 2016 to July 2022; The search and selection of articles was carried out in journals indexed in English and Spanish. Results: The etiology is variable, among the most frequent agents we can highlight those caused by viridans streptococci, Streptococcus gallolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Haemophilus, Aggregatibacter, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, Kingella and enterococci. In developed countries, the incidence of endocarditis ranges between 2.6 and 7 cases per 100,000 inhabitants per year. The median age of patients with endocarditis is 58 years. Conclusions: This review offers updated and detailed information on the main risk factors for bacterial endocarditis that are known to date, as well as reporting on the main bacteria involved in this pathology and which are the most frequent in both the outpatient population. as in the hospital.Antecedentes: La endocarditis infecciosa, es una infección del endotelio del corazón. En la era de la cardiología y radiología intervencionista, la endocarditis infecciosa por Staphylococcus aureus está cobrando mayor relevancia. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistematica a través de diversas bases de datos de Enero de 2016 a Julio de 2022; la búsqueda y selección de artículos fue llevada a cabo en revistas indexadas en idioma inglés y español. Resultados: La etiología es variable, dentro de los agentes más frecuentes podemos destacar los causados por estreptococos viridans, Streptococcus gallolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, estafilococos coagulasa negativos, Haemophilus, Aggregatibacter, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, Kingella y enterococos. En los países desarrollados, la incidencia de endocarditis oscila entre 2,6 y 7 casos por 100.000 habitantes al año. La mediana de edad de los pacientes con endocarditis es de 58 años. Conclusiones: La presente revisión ofrece información actualizada y detallada sobre los principales factores de riesgo de la endocarditis bacteriana que se conocen hasta la fecha, al igual que informar sobre las principales bacterias implicadas en esta patología y cuáles son los más frecuentes tanto en la población extrahospitalaria como en la intrahospitalaria

Bloqueo Perirrectal En Cirugía Anorrectal

Proctological pathologies affect approximately 5% of the entire population and have a negative impact on the effective performance of basic life activities, which is why the prevention, diagnosis and prompt management are a fundamental part of medical care provided by care staff. Anorectal surgery has evolved over the years due to the need to implement fast, effective and specific techniques that guarantee the timely and total recovery of patients for early hospital discharge, therefore, today the type of anesthesia that is used is the main focus of attention. Local anesthesia such as perirectal nerve block alone or combined with intravenous sedation has been the chosen approach because it guarantees patient comfort by significantly reducing side effects, pain and prolonged hospital stays. In this paper you will find a systematic review of specific data on perirectal blockade in anorectal surgery as an effective alternative to general or regional anesthesia in order to expand the associated knowledge and promote the optimization of the results achieved.Las patologías de origen proctológico afectan aproximadamente al 5% de toda la población y repercuten de manera negativa en la realización efectiva de las actividades básicas de la vida diaria por lo que su prevención, diagnóstico y manejo oportuno son pilar fundamental de la atención médica brindada por el personal asistencial. La cirugía anorrectal ha evolucionado a través de los años debido a la necesidad de implementar técnicas rápidas, eficaces y específicas que permitan garantizar la recuperación oportuna y total de los pacientes para el egreso hospitalario temprano por lo que, en la actualidad, el tipo de anestesia a emplear es de igual manera foco de atención principal. La anestesia local como el bloqueo perirrectal solo o combinado con analgosedación intravenosa ha sido el abordaje preferido debido a que logra garantizar la comodidad del paciente reduciendo de manera significativa los efectos secundarios, el dolor y las estancias hospitalarias prolongadas. En este documento se encontrará una revisión sistemática de datos específicos sobre el bloqueo perirrectal en cirugía anorrectal como alternativa eficaz de la anestesia general o regional con el fin de ampliar el conocimiento asociado y promover la optimización de los resultados alcanzados

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field