The external constraint to the economic growth in three blocks of the world economy

In this paper we analyze the relationships between the economic growth and the external trade balance. We divide our work in two parts. In the first part of the paper we thinks about two models: an adjustment model via prices (neoclassical model) and an adjustment model via income (keynesian model). In this first part our start point is a discussion of the paper played by the exchange rate and the Thirwall's law. In second part we estimates by way of technical of panel data and cointegrations techniques both models. A broad sample made for the most representative countries from: European Union, Mediterrranean Countries, very external indebted PVD, and Asian Dragons.

Galaxy formation: from primordial fluctuations to structure formation in the Universe

Durante questa tesi studieremo principalmente i modelli di formazione di struttura nel universo di Press & Schechter(1974) e di White & Rees (1978), che spiegano la formazione galattica con un modello gerarchico di formazione di tutte le strutture cosmiche, dalla crescita delle piccole perturbazioni primordiali fino alla formazione della materia, e come essa si evolve per formare stelle e poi sistemi stellari, cioè, galassie. Una parte importante di questa tesi sarà dedicata a studiare la formazione di aloni di materia oscura, che sono vere e proprie buche di potenziale, in cui la materia barionica caderà per formare la galassia. Finalmente, studieremo la formazione di strutture luminose, come sono le stelle, al interno degli aloni di materia oscura ed a cos'è dovuto le diverse morfologie che vediamo in diverse galassie. Confronteremo i risultati più importanti dei modelli teorici studiati con dati osservativi ed esperimentali moderni

Selecting the W Matrix. Parametric vs Nonparametric Approaches

In spatial econometrics, it is customary to specify a weighting matrix, the so-called W matrix, just choosing one matrix from the different types of matrices a user is considering (Anselin, 2002). In general, this selection is made a priori, depending on the user’s judgment. This decision is extremely important because if matrix W is miss-specified in some way, parameter estimates are likely to be biased and they will be inconsistent in models that contain some spatial lag. Also, for models without spatial lags but where the random terms are spatially autocorrelated, the obtaining of robust standard estimates of the errors will be incorrect if W is miss-specified. Goodness-of-fit tests may be used to chose between alternative specifications of W. Although, in practice, most users impose a certain W matrix without testing for the restrictions that the selected spatial operator implies. In this paper, we aim to establish a nonparametric procedure where the chosen by objective criteria. Our proposal is directly related with the Theory of Information. Specifically, the selection criterion that we propose is based on objective information existing in the data, which does not depend on the investigator’s subjectivity: it is a measure of conditional entropy. We compare the performance of our criteria against some other alternative like the J test of Davidson and McKinnon or a likelihood ratio obtained in a maximum likelihood framework.

Testing differences in long run growth among Spanish regions: Can growth models explain it?

During the last decade we have assisted to a renewal interest in growth. There were a great number of theoretical and empirical works since the question was reopen by the Romer (1986) article about long run properties of growth models. Growth models can be classified in two kinds: exogenous growth models and endogenous growth models. The main differences between them are that the endogenous models try to incorporate into the behavior of the agents the assumptions that the first assumes as exogenous. This difference, that sounds only methodological, has important implications. The conclusion of the exogenous models is that, in presence of free factor mobility and free diffusion of technology, countries and regions will converge to the same rate of growth, and, in absence of technical progress, they will converge to the same level of per capita income, without any influence of initial conditions or political intervention in the economy (This result is obtained by Barro(1991) and Barro y Sala(1992)). With endogenous models the economies will growth at a rate determined by the behavior of the agents in the economy and could be the same or different among different economies. The theoretical result of these models is that in the long run could exist convergence or divergence. The main focus of this paper is, using the data for Spanish Regions from 1955 to 1991 and applying unit root time series methodology, to determine long run growth rates for each region with the aim of knowing if we can choose between the two kind of growth models.

Mathematische Analyse des rezeptorvermittelten Immunzelltods bei angeborener antiviraler Immunität

Apoptosis is a series of complex biochemical processes of programmed cell death which occurs in multicellular organisms. This mechanism must be highly regulated and controlled; otherwise, harmful illness such as cancer and autoimmune diseases may occur. Apoptosis is a key mechanism during a typical viral immune response.In the course of an infection, this mechanism eliminates infected cells and by that,limits the resources for viral replication. Recently, regulation of the death recep-tor pathway by cFLIP, a key regulator of signaling complexes downstream of death receptors, was targeted experimentally to study the role of apoptosis in influenza A virus (IAV) infection. By increasing the expression level of cFLIP in transgenic mice, a higher accumulation of Natural Killer (NK) cells and a higher viral load in comparison to wild type(WT) mice were observed. However, the viral load was similar in both mice after 10 days. Infection and functional impairment of NK cells was assumed to be responsible for the observed results. In order to validate this hypothesis, a mathematical model was used to quantify the role of apoptosis medi-ated cell death in NK cells during the viral clearance. The model contains variables and parameters that represent population and interactions between healthy and in-fected epithelial cells, influenza A virions, healthy and infected NK cells. Several simplifications were made in order to better estimate the critical parameters of the model. Simulation results showed that infection of NK cells with a longer lifespan alone cannot explain the observed high viral load. However, by increasing the viral production of infected NK cells, the viral load data was fitted. The lack of caspase3, due to the over-expression of cFLIP, may contribute to higher viral production inNK cells. Furthermore, a shorter lifespan of healthy NK cells was predicted, which may be related to biological exhaustion due to higher infection level. The posteriors and the correlation analysis of the parameters showed that parameters associated with lifespan and the viral production of infected NK cells are linearly correlated.Die Apoptose ist ein komplexer biochemischer Prozess des programmierten Zelltod,die in mehrzelligen Organismen auftritt. Dieser Mechanismus muss eng kontrolliert werden, sonst können schädliche Krankheiten auftreten, so wie z.B. Krebs und Autoimmunerkrankungen. Während einer typischen viralen Immunantwort, werden infizierte Zellen durch Apoptose eliminiert, so dass die Ressourcen für die Virus-replikation begrenzt werden. cFLIP ist ein Inhibitor der Todesrezeptor-gesteuerten Apoptose. Die Regulation des extrinsischen Signalwegs durch cFLIP wurde erforscht um die Rolle der Apoptose während Influenza A Infektionen zu untersuchen. Hierfür wurden transgene Mäuse, die cFLIP in allen hämatopowerten Zellen exprimieren,mit dem Influenza A-Virus infiziert. Diese transgenen Mäuse haben mehr natürliche Killerzellen (NK) und höhere Viruslast aufgewiesen. Die Viruslast nach 10 Tagen waren ähnlich bei transgenen und Wildtyp (WT) Mäusen. Tafrishi argumentierte, dass die infizierten NK-Zellen und ihre Funktionsstörung verantwortlich für die Ergebnissen sind. Hierin wurde ein mathematisches Modell verwendet, um diese Hypothese zu validieren und die Rolle der Apoptose in NK Zellen durch Influenza A-Infektionen zu quantifizieren. Die Modellvariablen und Parameter darstellen die Population und Wechselwirkungen beidem Influenza A-Virus, gesunden und infizierten Epithelzellen und gesunden und infizierten NK-Zellen. Die Simulationsergebnissen demonstrieren, dass infizierte NK-Zellen, die eine längere Lebensdauer haben, nicht der Grund für die erhöhte Viruslast sind. Stattdessen ist eine höhere Virusproduktion von der infizierten NK-Zellen notwendig, um die Viruslast Daten anzupassen.Deshalb kann das Fehlen von Caspase 3, aufgrund der Überexpression von cFLIP,zu einer höheren Virusproduktion in den NK-Zellen beitragen. Darüber hinaus hat die Datenanpassung eine kürzere Lebensdauer der gesunden NK-Zellen vorhergesagt,aufgrund der biologischen Erschöpfung. Korrelationsanalysen der Parameter zeigten,dass die Lebensdauer und die Virusproduktion der infizierten NK-Zellen linear korreliert sind

コングロマリット合併をめぐる三つのエッセイ

京都大学新制・課程博士博士(経済学)甲第24378号経博第665号新制||経||303(附属図書館)京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻(主査)教授 関口 格, 教授 原 千秋, 准教授 陳 珈惠学位規則第4条第1項該当Doctor of EconomicsKyoto UniversityDFA

The Global City: Culture in Latin@ Spaces as Resistance Against Gentrification

This paper examines the role of cultural appropriation in order to analyze how gentrifications happens and how global capital and financial markets change space and landscape in Latin@ communities. We attempt to see how Latinidad as cultural expressions are utilized by artists as methods of resisting the process of gentrification that make their spaces and communities marketable to white-middle-class renters. By analyzing music scenes, nightlife venues and graffiti/murals we attempt to use these forms of cultural expression as symbolic indicators of gentrification. The specific communities that this paper is concerned with are Latin@ enclaves throughout the 5 boroughs of New York City