La internacionalización de empresas y su contribución al desarrollo local desde la experiencia de Cuba

The objective of this article is to collect and comment on the main theories on the internationalization of companies and Local Development, as well as its impact and importance for the economy. The methodology used is qualitative and the method is documentary review. As a main result, it was reported that business internationalization contributes to local development, hence the importance of promoting the increase in the export potential of companies in the territory. The role played by local companies and actors in the internationalization process and especially in the export approach that characterizes Cuba, is also highlighted. Therefore, the country has outlined as a strategy to increase exports based on enhancing the capabilities and potential of companies in the territories and achieve a better positioning of their products in the international market. For this, it seeks to guarantee the necessary levels of efficiency and greater dynamism in the productions, in order to achieve more competitiveness.El presente artículo tiene como objetivo recopilar y comentar las principales teorías sobre internacionalización de empresas y Desarrollo Local, así como su impacto e importancia para la economía del país. La metodología utilizada es de corte cualitativa y el método es de revisión documental. Como principal resultado se reporta, que la internacionalización empresarial contribuye al desarrollo local, de ahí la importancia de fomentar el incremento del potencial exportador con que cuentan las empresas de los territorios. Se destaca además, el papel que juegan las empresas y los actores locales en el proceso de internacionalización y en especial en el enfoque exportador que caracteriza a Cuba. El país por tanto, se ha trazado como estrategia incrementar las exportaciones a partir de potenciar las capacidades y potencialidades de las empresas en los territorios y lograr un mejor posicionamiento de sus productos en el mercado internacional. Para ello se busca garantizar los niveles de eficiencia necesaria y un mayor dinamismo en las producciones, en función de lograr más competitividad

<b>Genetic risk score for insulin resistance based on gene variants associated to amino acid metabolism in young adults</b>

Anonymized data set containing anthropometric, clinical, biochemical and genotyping characteristics of participants (n=452).</p

Anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical characteristics of participants (n = 452).

Anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical characteristics of participants (n = 452).</p

Anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical parameters of subjects according to the genetic risk score for HOMA-IR (n = 452).

Anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical parameters of subjects according to the genetic risk score for HOMA-IR (n = 452).</p

Genotype frequencies associated with risk of insulin resistance as assessed by HOMA-IR (n = 452).

Genotype frequencies associated with risk of insulin resistance as assessed by HOMA-IR (n = 452).</p

Serum amino acid concentrations of subjects according to the genetic risk score for HOMA-IR (n = 452).

Serum amino acid concentrations of subjects according to the genetic risk score for HOMA-IR (n = 452).</p

Additional tables.

Circulating concentration of arginine, alanine, aspartate, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, proline, tyrosine, taurine and valine are increased in subjects with insulin resistance, which could in part be attributed to the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within genes associated with amino acid metabolism. Thus, the aim of this work was to develop a Genetic Risk Score (GRS) for insulin resistance in young adults based on SNPs present in genes related to amino acid metabolism. We performed a cross-sectional study that included 452 subjects over 18 years of age. Anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical parameters were assessed including measurement of serum amino acids by high performance liquid chromatography. Eighteen SNPs were genotyped by allelic discrimination. Of these, ten were found to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and only four were used to construct the GRS through multiple linear regression modeling. The GRS was calculated using the number of risk alleles of the SNPs in HGD, PRODH, DLD and SLC7A9 genes. Subjects with high GRS (≥ 0.836) had higher levels of glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment- insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), total cholesterol and triglycerides, and lower levels of arginine than subjects with low GRS (p </div

Anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical characteristics in subjects with or without insulin resistance (n = 452).

Anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical characteristics in subjects with or without insulin resistance (n = 452).</p

Insulin resistance, quantified by the HOMA-IR (homeostatic model assessment—insulin resistance), across groups stratified into tertiles according to the genetic risk score (GRS) derived from the best model in a total of 452 subjects.

GRS-low = tertile 1 (cut-off point: 0.620); GRS-medium = tertile 2 (cut-off point: 0.742); GRS-high = tertile 3 (cut-off point: 0.836). The HOMA-IR values of subjects with a high GRS and medium GRS were significantly higher than in subjects with a low GRS. Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation. Differences are based on ANOVA adjusted for sex, age and BMI. Bonferroni´s multiple comparisons post-hoc test where groups with different letters are statistically significant, where a > b. The difference is significant p < 0.01.</p