Quotients of Metric Spaces

The question of when a given property of a topological space is preserved under mappings is one of the most familiar problems of general topology. Among the properties of greatest interest for general spaces is, without doubt, that of metrizability; metrizability always implies, in particular, a number of important special topological properties of the space in question (normality, regularity, paracompactness, etc.). To determine in general the conditions for preservation of metrizability under mappings appears to be a difficult problem. It may well be that in the class of arbitrary continuous mappings the problem has no meaningful solution. The purpose of this paper is to obtain conditions for the preservation of metrizability under mappings appears to be a difficult problem. It may well be that in the class of arbitrary continuous mappings the problem has no meaningful solution. The purpose of this paper is to obtain conditions for the preservation of metrizability by quotient mappings and to study the properties of quotient spaces of metric spaces. We will use "iff" as an abbreviation for "if and only if". If f is a function from X onto Y, we will write f: X --->> Y

Anti-Poverty Policies and Evaluation: A Critique of the Pluralist Conception of Politics and Evaluation

Excerpt from the full-text article: The beginnings of U.S. federal evaluation research can, in descriptive historical terms, be located in McNamara\u27s Department of Defense and the later requirement that all federal government agencies adopt a Planning, Programming, Budgeting System. While the formal PPB system was discontinued in 1971, the analytical or policy evaluation activities it required, still live on, especially in agencies dealing with human resource development and/or social welfare programs (Schick, 1973, Wholey, et al, 1970). Given the recent advocacy of increasing and improving federal evaluation efforts, I think it important to examine some of the assumptions and consequences of those assumptions of the general evaluation research model, particularly in regard to anti-poverty policies

Philosophy, Sociology and the Theory of Social Welfare: A Conceptual Starting Point

In this paper I want to explore and 2begin to elucidate a fundamental problem in social welfare theory. The problem centers on the conception of the relation between individuals and social structure. Before proceeding with this task, it is important to note the senses in which the term social welfare will be used. The term has two basic senses, deriving from two more or less distinct intellectual traditions. In one sense the term refers to the provision of goods and services to needy individuals, either through government transfers or private philanthropy. In this comparatively narrow sense social welfare is a characteristic of industrialized societies (see Wilensky, 1975, for an empirical investigation of the determinants of welfare spending) and has to do with social workers, welfare institutions and the poor. In the second, broader, sense social welfare has to do with all the members and institutions of a society. This sense derives from the concerns of moral and political philosophers about the structure of society and the production and distribution of basic values (such as wealth, power, liberty, equality and happiness). Moralpolitical philosophy asks what values are desirable and how can they be justified, and, given a set of values, what kind of society and what kind of individual is most likely to lead to the fullest realization of those values

Social Action Organization Participation and Personal Change in the Poor: Part II

In Part I (Herman, 1982) evidence bearing on the hypothesis that participation by the poor in social action organizations results in personal change was reviewed and found to be inconsistent and open to diverse Interpretations. In Part I It was observed that not all socizi action organizations are al ike and, thus, that participation is also of varied kinds and extents and may have different consequences for personal change. A typology of social action organizations forms (developed in Part I ) is used here to comparatively classify information on organizational characteristics and personal change drawn from eleven case studIes. The comparatIve review leads to three principal implications. First, it offers more support for the situational than for the sub-cultural perspective. Second, the review implies that the emphasis of both perspectives on the necessity of personality change may be inappropriate. Third, the review suggests personal change In the poor, either dispositionally or behaviorally, but especially the latter, Is much more likely in those organizations in which the poor are highly included and are sponsored by groups or Institutions with relatively few resources. Finally, the paper concludes with a few observations on the meaning and significance of social action organizations of the poor

Strategic Flexibility: Navigator Industri Dalam Mencapai Competitive Advantages

Article to describe how to develop a strategic flexibility as company responses and strategy in facing the government regulation of Standard Euro 2. Article also discussed the new product development concept based on market perspective. Research analysis was a descriptive statistic with a simple random sampling from a number of populations. The result describes that the government regulation of Standard Euro2 is supported and positively responses by industry and market. In spite of this, strategic flexibility is an approach to reach industry competitive advantage in term of product development strategy

Probing subtle fluorescence dynamics in cellular proteins by streak camera based Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy

We report the cell biological applications of a recently developed multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy system using a streak camera (StreakFLIM). The system was calibrated with standard fluorophore specimens and was shown to have high accuracy and reproducibility. We demonstrate the applicability of this instrument in living cells for measuring the effects of protein targeting and point mutations in the protein sequence which are not obtainable in conventional intensity based fluorescence microscopy methods. We discuss the relevance of such time resolved information in quantitative energy transfer microscopy and in measurement of the parameters characterizing intracellular physiology

Black Farmers and the Economic and Social Conditions Where They Live: Some Policy Implications

Black farmers tend to live in southern counties where nonfarm employment opportunities are limited. These counties have grown slowly, much more slowly than southern metropolitan areas. In counties with concentrations of black farmers, blacks face severe economic and social conditions. They have a higher incidence of poverty, less education, and higher unemployment than other blacks in the South. In addition, blacks in these counties lag far behind whites in socioeconomic status. Economic growth and socioeconomic conditions in counties with black farmers vary considerably by region. Strategies to address the black farm crisis must consider both the characteristics of black farmers, such as their advanced age, and the economic and social conditions of areas where they live