Thrombocyte Count in Male and Female Adult of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Patients

AbstractThe trend of dengue virus infection in Indonesia has changed from children to older groups. Some studies suggested that different gender might affect the different progression of dengue infection, but its mechanism was unclear. This study analyzed the difference by evaluating the daily thrombocyte count pattern. An analytic observational study with a retrospective design was conducted using the secondary data collected from medical records in Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya during 2017-2018. The samples were adult patients in the age range of 18-55 years old with DHF but without comorbidity or coinfection. The total number of samples was 40 patients. The average of thrombocyte count in both male and female patients decreased since the 3rd day of illness and reached the lowest level on the 6th day of illness then increased on the 7th day but did not reach the normal range. Although the majority of thrombocyte count in females was lower than males, there was no significant difference in thrombocyte count pattern between them. Keyword: Adult, DHF, Thrombocyte, GenderCorrespondence : [email protected]

Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activities of Methanolic and Aqueous Leaf Extracts of Carica papaya Grown in Rwanda

Background: Nowadays, microbial infections remain as the leading cause of infectious diseases and human death worldwide. The use of plant-derived medicines is currently increasing in the treatment of various diseases. Papaya leaves have proteolytic enzymes and phytoconstituents with antimicrobial properties. Rwandan citizens use papaya leaves to treat hair dandruff, wounds and burns.Materials and Methods: Papaya leaves were collected and allowed to dry under the shed at room temperature for 14 days. The powdered plant materials were soaked separately in clean flask and extracted successively using maceration method with water and methanol. Qualitative phytochemical screening was conducted by using specific standard procedures. Antimicrobial activity assays of all the extracts were performed by agar well diffusion method and determined by measuring the zones of inhibition with transparent scale.Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, tannins, flavonoids, steroids and phenolic compounds. In this observation, all the extracts exhibit significant inhibitory activity against all test pathogens ranging from 2 mm to 26 mm of diameter. Methanol extracts showed the maximum activity against Candida albicans (inhibition zone: 26±0.11 and activity index: 1.23). Minimum inhibition concentration values ranges between 3.175 mg/mL and 12.5 mg/mL.Conclusion: The results indicate that Carica papaya leaves could be very potent source of antimicrobial agents and secondary metabolites that can be used by pharmaceutical industries to produce medicines.Keywords: Carica papaya, antimicrobial, agar well diffusion, phytochemical screening, zone of inhibition, activity inde

Pengaruh Ekstrak Kelakai (Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.f) Bedd) terhadap Kadar Interleukin-10 (IL-10) Mencit

Abstract : Interleukin-10 as pro-inflammatory cytokines have a role to protect the damage of severe malaria. Kelakai contain bioactive compounds that have anti-inflammatory activity. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of the extract kelakai on levels of IL-10 in mice BALB / s infected by P. berghei ANKA. This study is true experimental studies with posttest-only with Control Group Design. The treatment group was divided into 8 groups. Two groups received kelakai extract per oral 10 mg/kgBW and 100 mg/kgBW. Four groups received kelakai extract per oral 10 mg/kgBW and 100 mg/kgBW 3 hours after infection and when the parasitaemia reaches 15-20%. Negative controls do not receive the extract kelakai and parasitic infections. Positive controls get a parasitic infection. Treatment was given for 4 days. Blood samples were taken 24 hours after the last treatment. Levels of IL-10 were measured by sandwich ELISA method. Data were analyzed with Games Howell test, with a confidence level of 95%. There were no significant differences between treatment groups. Extract kelakai Giving oral dose of 10 mg/KgBW and 100 mg/KgBW not significantly increase the levels of interleukin-10. Keywords: Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.f) bedd; Interleukin-10 Abstrak : Interleukin-10 sebagai Sitokin pro-inflamasi memiliki peran melindungi kerusakan pada malaria berat. Kelakai mengandung senyawa bioaktif yang mempunyai aktifitas anti-inflamasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui potensi ekstrak kelakai terhadap kadar IL-10 pada mencit BALB/s yang diinfeksi P. berghei ANKA. Penelitian ini merupakan studi eksperimental murni dengan Posttest-only with Control Group Design. Kelompok perlakuan dibagi menjadi 8 kelompok. Dua kelompok mendapat ekstrak kelakai per oral 10 mg/kg berat badan dan 100 mg/kg berat badan. Empat kelompok mendapat ekstrak kelakai per oral 10 mg/kg berat badan dan 100 mg/kg berat badan 3 jam setelah infeksi dan pada saat parasitemia mencapai 15-20%. Kontrol negatif tidak mendapat ekstrak kelakai dan infeksi parasit. Kontrol positif mendapat infeksi parasit. Perlakuan diberikan selama 4 hari. Sampel darah diambil 24 jam setelah perlakuan terakhir. Kadar Il-10 diukur dengan ELISA metode sandwich. Data dianalisa dengan tes Games Howell, dengan tingkat kepercayaan 95%. Tidak didapatkan perbedaan bermakna antar kelompok perlakuan. Pemberian Ekstrak kelakai secara oral dosis 10 mg/Kg berat badan dan 100 mg/Kg berat badan tidak signifikan meningkatkan kadar Interleukin-10. Kata-kata Kunci : Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.f) Bedd; Interleukin-1

PERFORMANCE OF MULTIPLEX REAL TIME PCR FOR DIAGNOSIS MALARIA IN FOREST ENDEMIC AREAS IN TANAH BUMBU REGENCY SOUTH KALIMANTAN PROVINCE INDONESIA

Abstract and Figures Keywords: ABSTRACT performance-multiplex real time PCR-forest malaria Malaria incidence has declined in Indonesia for years, but it is still found a foci malaria in forest areas. Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) has been used as a diagnostic tool in remote forest areas because other tests are difficult to carry out due to poor infrastructure. Microscopic examination requires expert personnel to determine the right interpretation. The disadvantage of both methods of diagnosis is that they cannot detect the low density of parasites, causing the diagnosis to be missed. For this reason, it is necessary to examine the molecular diagnosis to determine the right species. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 105 people aged 15-64 years in forest malaria endemic areas who were randomly selected. The diagnosis of malaria is established through rapid diagnostic test, microscopic, real-time PCR examination for identification of genus, and multiplex real time PCR for species identification. The performance of multiplex real time PCR, microscopic and RDT was compared and evaluated each other. From 105 blood samples, RDT identified 38 malaria cases, consist of 9 as Plasmodium falciparum infection, 9 as Plasmodium vivax and 20 as mixed infection. Light microscopy identified 9 as P. falciparum infection, 5 as P. vivax infection and 5 as mixed infection. Multiplex real time PCR detected 7 as P. falciparum infection, 6 as P. malariae infection, and 4 as mixed P. vivax and P. malariae infection. Using microscopy as a reference test, real time PCR showed an overall sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 91,9%. Multiplex real time PCR for species P. falciparum had 77,8% sensitivity and specificity of 91,83%. RDTs sensitivity of 94,7% and specificity of 76,4%. Using multiplex real time PCR as a reference, microscopy had shown better performance than RDT with sensitivity 73,7% and specificity 100% but RDT had low sensitivity with 14,3% (95% CI 11,45-26,87) and specificity of 70,5% (95% CI 65,78-79,67). All three tests performed well to diagnose malaria in this area, but multiplex PCR performed better for detecting Plasmodium species, especially species that produce submicroscopic infections or subpaten infections. Multiplex real-time PCR is the most sensitive malaria I. Istiana, U. Hadi and H. Arwati, 2022 Azerbaijan Medical Journal 2642 diagnostic method that can be used in malaria elimination programs. It has better performance in species identification, species detection with low parasitic density and mixed infection. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 International Licens

Prevalence and risk factors of Ascaris lumbricoides infection in children of Manusak Village, Kupang District, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesi

ABSTRACT Worm infection is one of the health problems in all tropical countries, including Indonesia. The most frequent helminthiasis is the infection caused by the Soil-Transmitted Helminth. Primary school-age children are an age group that is susceptible to helminthiasis. Worm infections can cause a serious impact if left untreated with no clean and healthy lifestyle. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and risk factors of STH in children of Manusak Village, East Kupang Subdistrict, Kupang District, East Nusa Tenggara Province, followed by the characterization of subjects. The analytic observational design with the cross-sectional study was applied to this research. Research subjects were 130 children aged 6-12 years old. The infection was diagnosed microscopically by the Katokatz method. Ascaris lumbricoides were the only species found infecting a total of 50 children (38.4%.). The distribution of ascariasis was higher in girls (30 or 23.08%) than in boys (20 or 15.38%), in children whose parents have no formal education (41 or 31.54%), and who their professions are a farmer. Poor hygiene and sanitation such as no washing hands with soap (27 or 20.77%) as well as the habit of not wearing footwear (47 or 36.2%) and bowel habit on the open areas (35 or 26.92%) are the risks factors causing the high incidence of A. lumbricoides in the studied area. Enlightenment to the parents regarding good personal and environmental hygiene and sanitation along with chemotherapy from the government and related agencies is needed to achieve a durable reduction of the burden of ascariasis and other STH infection

Correlation of Parasitaemia and Anemia in Mice Infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by protozoa of the genus Plasmodium and transmitted through the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito. Plasmodium berghei ANKA is a species of rodent malaria parasite that is commonly used to study malaria pathology and the immune system against infections. Parasitaemia in malaria is the figure of malaria pathology due to some numbers of parasite-infected erythrocytes present in the peripheral blood. Hemoglobin (HGB) and hematocrit (HCT) levels are the parameters of anemia and some hematological changes caused by malaria infection. This study aimed to determine the correlation between parasitemia and anemia in BABL/c mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Two uninfected and infected mice groups were compared for parasitemia, HGB, and HCT levels. Analysis statistics showed a significant difference in HGB and HCT between uninfected and infected groups. Pearson correlation analysis showed no significant correlation between parasitemia and HGB and HCT levels in infected mice. Anemia in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA can occur when parasitemia is even low; the higher parasitemia worsens the hamatological condition. Parasitemia plays a role independently in the severity of anemia. Plasmodium berghei infection in mice is useful for studying malaria anemia

Antimalarial Activity of Ethanol Extract of Noni Leaves (Morinda citrifolia) towards Parasitemia, Splenomegaly, and Hepatomegaly in Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected Mice

Introduction: Malaria is one of the infectious diseases found in tropical countries and sub-tropical countries. In 2016 there were an estimated 445,000 people died to malaria. Alternative medicine is needed, such as natural based ingredient. Morinda citrifolia or noni plant is a medicinal plant found in all parts of Indonesia which has many benefits, such as antibacterial, analgesic, anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory. The aims of this study were to determine the antimalarial activity of ethanol extract of noni leaves and its effect on splenomegaly and hepatomegaly. Methods: Extract of noni leaves was prepared by maceration using ethanol solvent. In vivo experiments were conducted using Plasmodium berghei infected BALB/c mice treated with the doses of 100, 10, 1 mg/kg body weight(BW) orally of ethanolic extract of noni leaves. Then, the percentage of parasitemia was calculated from day 1 to day 4 after treatment and at the end of the test, mice were sacrificed then spleen and liver were collected. Results: The highest parasite growth was found in the group treated with noni leaves ethanol extract at a dose of 1 mg/kg WB and vice versa. Probit analysis resulted in ED50 was 0.882 mg/kg WB. Spearmen test showed there was no correlation between doses and the size of splenomegaly with p=0,2 and between doses and the size of hepatomegaly with p=0,6. Conclusion: Ethanol extract of noni leaves possessed antimalaria activity and there was no correlation between doses of extract and t he splenomegaly and hepatomegaly

Antimalarial activity of Virgin Coconut Oil against Plasmodium berghei ANKA in mice

Abstract Malaria remains a health problem in various parts of the world. A decrease in antioxidant levels during malaria infection cause oxidative stress, therefore exogenous antioxidant is needed. Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) can be a source of exogenous antioxidants due to the antioxidant activity of VCO, which was contributed majority by phenolic acids content. Antioxidants play a role in countering the effects of free radicals by inhibiting fat peroxidation that cause erythrocyte cell wall stronger and not easily ruptured. Pharmacological properties of VCO including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antiviral, and antiprotozoal properties have been reported. Therefore, this study aimed to find out the antimalarial activity of VCO by evaluating the parasitemia and percentage of inhibition to the growth of parasite. Thirty male BALB/c mice were infected intraperitonially with 1×106 Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected erythrocytes. The mice were than randomly divided into five groups: positive control (PC) group was given 187.2m g/kg BW of dihydroartemisinin phosphate, negative control (NC) group was only given sterile water; G1, G2, and G3 groups were given 1 ml, 5 ml, and 10 ml/kg BW of VCO, respectively. VCO treatments were given for 4 consecutive days started from 24 hours post infection. Parasitemia was determined daily on Giemsa-stained tail blood smear, further the percentage inhibition was calculated. The results showed that parasitemia in VCO-treated mice were lower than that of NC group, but higher than that of PC group, indicated the antimalarial activity of VCO. The inhibition of VCO to the growth of parasite showed that G2 was higher (48.70%) than that of G1 (13.04%) and G3 (33.9%). The use of antioxidant therapy as a supportive therapy is one of alternatives in supporting the healing process of malaria patients and may reduce various risks that could potentially occur in patients

The Relationship of Hemoglobin, Interleukin-10 and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Levels In Asymptomatic Malaria Patients in Trenggalek, Jawa Timur, Indonesia

Background: Malaria is still a universal health problem, especially in tropical countries because of high morbidity and mortality rates. Infection by Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax could result in asymptomatic disease of malaria and be found in Trenggalek, Jawa Timur. Differences in pathogenesis among affected individuals are affected by many factors, and the immune system is one of them. Among substances involved in the malarial immunity is Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α and Interleukin (IL)-10, produced by the body's defense system as the reaction to the parasite. Therefore a study was designed to detect the level of TNF-α and IL-10 in asymptomatic malaria patients.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Thirty male asymptomatic malaria subjects, age 21 to 60 years were selected. Blood from each subject was collected and the levels of TNF-α and IL-10 were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Significant values considered at p0.05), and positive correlation between TNF-α and the rate of hemoglobin (r=0.002; p>0.05). IL-10 was correlated negatively with the rate of hemoglobin (r=-0.363; p<0.05).Conclusion: The results from this study conclude that TNF-α and IL-10 levels increase in asymptomatic malaria subjects.Keywords: asymptomatic malaria, TNF-α, IL-10, parasite, hemoglobi