50 research outputs found

    COMPARISON OF TWO PREPARATION PROCEDURES (HARROWING VS. ROLLING) APPLIED TO AN EQUESTRIAN SPORT ARENA: EFFECTS ON THE DYNAMIC VARIABLES IN 3 HORSES LANDING AFTER A JUMP

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    The purpose of this study was to compare the dynamic variables recorded on 3 horses landing after a jump on an arena surface (sand & fibre mix) after application of two classical preparation procedures: harrowing and rolling. Each horse, equipped with a dynamometric horseshoe and an accelerometer on its right forehoof, performed 6 jumps alternatively on each prepared surface, landing alternatively at right and left lead. The maximal vertical deceleration and the energy of vibrations (>50Hz) at impact significantly decreased with harrowing, on both limbs. The braking force and braking loading rate were greater on the rolled surface but only in the leading limb. The vertical loading rate and, in the leading limb only, the maximal vertical force, were significantly larger on the rolled surface, which suggests that preparation affected the surface deeper than expected

    The Sequisol project: biomechanical eval uation of the effects of equestrian track surfaces on the equine locomotor system

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    The quality of ground surfaces conditions equine locomotion and can be a risk factor for osteoarticular and tendinous lesions. A novel protocol of biomechanical measurements has been developed to characterize the effects of ground surfaces on the locomotor system and locomotion of harnessed trotter horses under training conditions. This protocol is based on the simultaneous use of a 3D dynamometric horseshoe, a 3D accelerometer, a superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendon force ultrasonic sensor, inertial measurement units, and a high-speed camera. Three French trotters were used to compare two tracks at the Grosbois training centre (crushed sand and all-weather waxed track) ; biomechanical measurements were performed at a standardized speed (9.7 m/s, i.e. 35 km/h). The all-weather waxed track appeared as the most damping (shock absorbing), i.e. lesser impact deceleration and braking force and lesser maximal loading rate of the SDF tendon. However, the horse’s locomotor comfort (determined by the stride length) did not seem to be greater. The preliminary results of the tests performed since October 2006 as part of the Sequisol project (10 tracks tested on 5 different sites) confirm superior shock-absorbing properties as well as a “slower” characteristic during the braking phase for the all-weather waxed tracks, and generally speaking, the strong influence of maintenance conditions of the surfaces on the biomechanical results.La qualitĂ© du sol conditionne la locomotion d'un cheval, et peut aussi ĂȘtre un facteur de risque de lĂ©sions ostĂ©o-articulaires et tendineuses. Un protocole original de mesures biomĂ©caniques a Ă©tĂ© mis au point afin de caractĂ©riser l'effet des sols sur l'appareil locomoteur et la locomotion, chez le trotteur attelĂ©, dans les conditions de l'entraĂźnement. Ce protocole repose sur l'utilisation simultanĂ©e d'un fer dynamomĂ©trique 3D, d'un accĂ©lĂ©romĂštre 3D, d'un capteur ultrasonore de force dans le tendon flĂ©chisseur superficiel du doigt (perforĂ©), de centrales de mesure inertielle et d'une camĂ©ra haute frĂ©quence. Trois chevaux trotteurs français ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©s pour comparer deux pistes du centre d'entraĂźnement de Grosbois (sable concassĂ© et sable fibrĂ©-huilĂ©); les mesures biomĂ©caniques ont Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©es Ă  vitesse standardisĂ©e (9,7 m/s, soit 35 km/h). La piste en fibrĂ©-huilĂ© prĂ©sente des propriĂ©tĂ©s d'amortissement plus importantes que la piste en sable concassĂ©: la dĂ©cĂ©lĂ©ration Ă  l'impact, la force de freinage et la vitesse de mise en tension maximale du tendon perforĂ© sont plus faibles. En revanche, le confort locomoteur du cheval, apprĂ©ciĂ© notamment par la longueur de la foulĂ©e, n'est pas supĂ©rieur. Le bilan prĂ©liminaire des tests rĂ©alisĂ©s depuis octobre 2006 dans le cadre du projet Sequisol (dix pistes testĂ©es sur cinq sites diffĂ©rents) confirme le caractĂšre plus amortissant mais aussi plus « lent », lors du freinage, des pistes en fibrĂ©-huilĂ© et, plus gĂ©nĂ©ralement, l'influence forte des conditions d'entretien des sols sur les rĂ©sultats biomĂ©caniques

    Neonatal Handling Affects Durably Bonding and Social Development

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    The neonatal period in humans and in most mammals is characterized by intense mother-young interactions favoring pair bonding and the adaptation of neonates to their new environment. However, in many post-delivery procedures, human babies commonly experience combined maternal separation and intense handling for about one hour post-birth. Currently, the effects of such disturbances on later attachment and on the development of newborns are still debated: clearly, further investigations are required. As animals present good models for controlled experimentation, we chose domestic horses to investigate this issue. Horses, like humans, are characterized by single births, long lactating periods and selective mother-infant bonds. Routine postnatal procedures for foals, as for human babies, also involve intense handling and maternal separation. In the present study, we monitored the behavior of foals from early stages of development to “adolescence”, in a normal ecological context (social groups with adults and peers). Experimental foals, separated from their mothers and handled for only 1 hour post-birth, were compared to control foals, left undisturbed after birth. Our results revealed short- and long-term effects of this unique neonatal experience on attachment and subsequent social competences. Thus, experimental foals presented patterns of insecure attachment to their mothers (strong dependence on their mothers, little play) and impaired social competences (social withdrawal, aggressiveness) at all ages. We discuss these results in terms of mother-young interactions, timing of interactions and relationships between bonding and subsequent social competences. Our results indicate that this ungulate species could become an interesting animal model. To our knowledge, this is the first clear demonstration that intervention just after birth affects bonding and subsequent social competences (at least until “adolescence”). It opens new research directions for studies on both humans and other animals

    Computational Homogenization of Architectured Materials

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    Architectured materials involve geometrically engineered distributions of microstructural phases at a scale comparable to the scale of the component, thus calling for new models in order to determine the effective properties of materials. The present chapter aims at providing such models, in the case of mechanical properties. As a matter of fact, one engineering challenge is to predict the effective properties of such materials; computational homogenization using finite element analysis is a powerful tool to do so. Homogenized behavior of architectured materials can thus be used in large structural computations, hence enabling the dissemination of architectured materials in the industry. Furthermore, computational homogenization is the basis for computational topology optimization which will give rise to the next generation of architectured materials. This chapter covers the computational homogenization of periodic architectured materials in elasticity and plasticity, as well as the homogenization and representativity of random architectured materials

    Etude cinématique tridimensionnelle de l'extrémité distale du membre thoracique chez le cheval

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    L'objectif de cette thĂšse Ă©tait de dĂ©velopper une mĂ©thode de mesure des rotations tridimensionnelles des articulations digitales chez le cheval et d'appliquer cette technique Ă  la quantification des effets de modifications d'appui du pied. Le premier chapitre synthĂ©tise le contexte expĂ©rimental, les questions et les dĂ©marches qui ont servis de fil conducteur Ă  cette Ă©tude. Le chapitre 2 dĂ©crit une mĂ©thode originale, mise en Ɠuvre in vitro, permettant de mesurer, sur membres isolĂ©s soumis Ă  compression, les mouvements des articulations digitales selon 3 degrĂ©s de libertĂ© en rotation. Dans les chapitres 3 Ă  5, cette mĂ©thode est utilisĂ©e pour tester les effets de modifications d'appui du pied dans le plan transversal ou dans le plan longitudinal afin de reproduire les conditions d'appui gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©es par un dĂ©placement sur un cercle ou par des ferrures correctrices. Ces conditions expĂ©rimentales reproduites in vitro ne permettaient cependant qu'une extrapolation partielle des rĂ©sultats in vivo. Afin de palier ces dĂ©ficiences, le protocole a Ă©tĂ© adaptĂ© au cheval en mouvement, en modifiant d'une part le systĂšme d'analyse cinĂ©matique (chapitre 6) et en mettant au point d'autre part une technique de mesure invasive des mouvements des segments osseux (chapitre 7) permettant de s'affranchir du recours Ă  des marqueurs cutanĂ©s dont les mouvements par rapport Ă  l'os ne reflĂštent pas le mouvement rĂ©el des segments. La capacitĂ© de la technique Ă  mesurer avec prĂ©cision les 3 rotations anatomiques des articulations digitales a Ă©tĂ© mise Ă  profit pour tester les effets de diffĂ©rentes conditions d'appui et notamment ceux du dĂ©placement sur un cercle court au pas (chapitre 8). Les rĂ©sultats obtenus ont permis de proposer des Ă©lĂ©ments objectifs et quantifiĂ©s pour une meilleure interprĂ©tation de l'Ă©tiopathogĂ©nie des affections ostĂ©o-articulaires et tendineuses chez le cheval. Enfin, le chapitre 9, en faisant le bilan des apports et des limites, Ă©bauche de nouvelles perspectives de recherche.The aim of this study was to develop a method allowing to measure three-dimensional rotations in the digital joints of the horse and to quantify the effects of changes in the hoof orientation on these movements. The first chapter states on the experimental context, main questions and process that supported this study. Chapter 2 describes an original method that allowed us to quantify movements of the digital joints in terms of 3 anatomical rotations. This method was first applied in vitro on isolated forelimbs that were loaded under a power-press. Chapters 3 to 5 show how this method was employed for testing the effects of transversal and sagittal changes in the hoof orientation. Those in vitro conditions were used to simulate displacement on a circle or corrective shoeing. But, in vitro simulations can not merely be extrapolated to in vivo conditions. The experimental procedures were therefore adapted to moving horses. For this purpose, the kinematic analysis system was changed (chapter 6) and an invasive surgical approach was developed (chapter 7). This allowed us to measure real movements of the segments without resort to skin markers which were not sufficiently representative of the movements of the underlying bones. The ability of this method to detect small changes in the three-dimensional rotations of the digital joints was used to test the effects of several stance conditions and especially the effects of displacements on a short circle at the walk. Results allowed to propose objective and quantified data for improving our interpretation of the aetio-pathogeny of osteo-articular injuries in the lame horse. Lastly, chapter 9 states on the new findings and limits of this work and leads to propose future research prospects.ORSAY-PARIS 11-BU Sciences (914712101) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Réalisation d'un site internet à visée pédagogique consacré à l'ostéologie comparée des carnivores domestiques, des équidés et des bovins

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    L'enseignement de l'ostĂ©ologie des mammifĂšres domestiques Ă  l'Ecole Nationale VĂ©tĂ©rinaire d'Alfort est basĂ© sur diffĂ©rents supports, le principal Ă©tant l'os lui-mĂȘme. Or les Ă©tudiants n'y ont accĂšs que lors de travaux dirigĂ©s et sĂ©ances de rĂ©visions dont la durĂ©e est limitĂ©e. Actuellement sont disponibles des supports polycopiĂ©s pour permettre aux Ă©tudiants de travailler en dehors de ces plages horaires. L'objectif de ce travail de thĂšse Ă©tait de proposer un outil pĂ©dagogique supplĂ©mentaire sous forme de site internet, consultable Ă  distance, permettant de complĂ©ter le dispositif d'apprentissage. Le projet a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ© en deux principales Ă©tapes: la constitution d'une banque de photographies lĂ©gendĂ©es d'une part, d'autre part les conception et construction du site les hĂ©bergeant. Le site permet aux Ă©tudiants d'accĂ©der aux diffĂ©rentes vues d'un os de chien, chat, bovin ou cheval, et de consulter les lĂ©gendes correspondantes s'il le souhaite, facilitant ainsi le processus d'apprentissage et d'auto-Ă©valuation. Etant destinĂ© Ă  un public ciblĂ©, le lĂ©gendage n'est pas exhaustif. Il peut difficilement ĂȘtre utilisĂ© seul sans bases prĂ©alables et ne remplace donc pas l'intervenant. NĂ©anmoins, il prĂ©sente l'avantage d'ĂȘtre gratuit, accessible et Ă©volutif, ouvrant ainsi des perspectives d'Ă©largissement Ă  d'autres domaines de l'anatomie et Ă  l'imagerie.MAISONS-ALFORT-Ecole VĂ©tĂ©rin (940462302) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Echographie abdominale chez le rat (images normales et mesures de référence sur une population de rats Fischer)

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    L'Ă©chographie abdominale du rat est trĂšs peu pratiquĂ©e en clientĂšle vĂ©tĂ©rinaire. Bien que parfois utilisĂ©e en recherche, cette technique d'imagerie n'a fait l'objet que de rares publications scientifiques spĂ©cifiques chez le rat. Alors que l'Ă©chographie est devenue une technique de rĂ©fĂ©rence chez les carnivores domestiques, il serait souhaitable de valider son utilisation chez le rat. Cette Ă©tude s'est donc attachĂ©e Ă  Ă©tablir un atlas d'images Ă©chographiques et des mesures de rĂ©fĂ©rence sur une population de 30 rats de souche Fisher. L'Ă©tude a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e Ă  l'aide de l'Ă©chographe Mylab 30 Esaote muni d'une sonde linĂ©aire de 18 MHz. Le foie, le conduit cholĂ©doque, la veine porte, la veine cave caudale, l'aorte, la rate, l'estomac, le duodĂ©num, les reins, les glandes surrĂ©nales, la vessie et l'appareil gĂ©nital ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©s. Les mesures Ă©chographiques de ces organes ont Ă©tĂ© comparĂ©es aux mesures directes rĂ©alisĂ©es en post-mortem. L'Ă©chographie abdominale du rat s'est avĂ©rĂ©e ĂȘtre un examen aisĂ©ment rĂ©alisable, rĂ©pĂ©table, offrant des images de bonne qualitĂ©. Un premier abaque de mesures de rĂ©fĂ©rence a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tabli. Bien qu'il soit nĂ©cessaire de complĂ©ter ces premiĂšres donnĂ©es (en incluant notamment un plus grand nombre d'individus et de souches), ces rĂ©sultats et les images de rĂ©fĂ©rence associĂ©es peuvent d'ores et dĂ©jĂ  servir de base pour dĂ©velopper et amĂ©liorer l'utilisation de cette technique d'imagerie chez le rat.MAISONS-ALFORT-Ecole VĂ©tĂ©rin (940462302) / SudocSudocFranceF
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