Organización económica y social de los aztecas y culturas que les precedieron

1 archivo PDF (136 páginas)Se expone como el desarrollo social está determinado, en gran medida por las condiciones económicas de producción y sustento de la vida humana. La evolución de la sociedad está, por tanto, asociada a la capacidad productiva alcanzada por la comunidad, como lo está también, el desarrollo del urbanismo y el paso a la civilización. Bajo estas bases se puede intentar establecer el grado de evolución alcanzado por las culturas mesoamericanas que precedieron al Imperio Azteca, definir sus características económicas y sociales y describir los lazos de interdependencia que mantuvieron, este e es el objeto de la primera parte del trabajo. En la segunda parte, fundamentalmente, se estudia la organización económica y social de los aztecas, se hace un análisis: de la estructura económica, de la propiedad de la tierra y de la estructura social. Por último, se explica la influencia que tuvo la religión sobre la concepción del mundo. Intentando así responder a la pregunta, si el Imperio Azteca fue una dictadura sanguinaria como lo explica la descripción de los sacrificios humanos que practicaban: ¿Por qué se mantuvo? ¿Cuáles fueron las bases de su hegemonía

When Cracking the JEE is not Enough

Exempted from the application of reservation policies at first, the Indian Institutes of Technology tend to be perceived as institutions that produce a meritocratic elite, freed from the contingencies related to caste and their political exploitation. However, some former students, products of this institution that was marked by a very strong social homogeneity when it was first conceived, see the introduction of quotas for the Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) in 1973, then a new category of reservations for the Other Backward Castes (OBCs) in 2008, as a threat to the meritocratic spirit of the IITs. They believe the “marked down” admission of these new students has weakened the IIT “brand.” Based on fieldwork in one of these elite technical education institutions, we will question this meritocratic model. We will highlight the processes by which the IITs continually and differentially eliminate students from the dominated groups (in particular those belonging to the SC and ST categories), and contribute to a high differentiation in the return on, hence the social value of, educational titles on the job market

L’innovation a-t-elle joué un rôle dans la naissance de l’administrative science ?

International audienceParmi les transformations profondes que connaît le monde industriel à la fin du XIXe siècle, l’introduction des activités de recherche scientifique et les enjeux de l’innovation ont vraisemblablement plus marqué la carrière et la théorie de Fayol qu’on ne l’a jusqu’à présent reconnu. Dans quelle mesure, au-delà du cas de Fayol, l’innovation a-t‑elle joué un rôle dans la naissance des sciences de gestion ou de l’administrative science ? Quelles étaient l’étendue et la réalité des liens entre sciences et industrie au début du XXe siècle ? Et comment se sont organisés – à cette époque – les liens entre le management, devenant une science, et la recherche scientifique plus généralement

Tende – Mont Bego : attelages de la zone IV, secteur des Merveilles

Identifiant de l'opération archéologique : 7881 Date de l'opération : 2007 (RE) Inventeur(s) : De Lumeley Henry (CNRS) ; Échassoux Annie (SUP) ; Romain Odile (MUS) Le relevé des gravures rupestres de la région du mont Bego entrepris par Henry de Lumley, sur un territoire d’environ 2 000 ha à l’est de Tende, est en cours de vérification (BSR PACA, 2006 : 94-96). Chaque année de nouvelles roches, généralement peu gravées, s’inscrivent dans le corpus : il s’agit souvent d’un groupe de cupules ép..

Incorporation of chromaffin granule membranes into large-size vesicles suitable for patch-clamp recording

AbstractIncubation of chromaffin granules with excess liposomes at pH 6.0 resulted in the formation of cell-size structures, which were purified by centrifugation on sucrose gradients. Experiments with fluorescein-labeled granules indicated incorporation of granule membrane to these structures. The preparation contained various vesicular structures with a diameter up to 15 μm. The largest elements were studied by the ‘patch-clamp’ technique. ‘Cell-attached’ and ‘whole-cell’ recordings indicated the presence of currents corresponding to unitary conductances ranging from 100 to 500 pS

Centre de sociologie européenne – CSE

Louis Pinto, directeur de recherche au CNRS Débats en sociologie/sociologie des débats Prenant toujours pour objectif de favoriser un regard réflexif sur la discipline sociologique, le séminaire de cette année a porté sur deux points. Le premier concernait les questions de délimitation entre psychologie et sociologie à travers les critiques adressées par Maurice Halbwachs à Émile Durkheim à propos de l’analyse du suicide. Le second point, qui a fait l’objet de la plus grande partie des séance..

The Terminal Extensions of Dbp7 Influence Growth and 60S Ribosomal Subunit Biogenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Ribosome synthesis is a complex process that involves a large set of protein trans-acting factors, among them DEx(D/H)-box helicases. These are enzymes that carry out remodelling activities onto RNAs by hydrolysing ATP. The nucleolar DEGD-box protein Dbp7 is required for the biogenesis of large 60S ribosomal subunits. Recently, we have shown that Dbp7 is an RNA helicase that regulates the dynamic base-pairing between the snR190 small nucleolar RNA and the precursors of the ribosomal RNA within early pre-60S ribosomal particles. As the rest of DEx(D/H)-box proteins, Dbp7 has a modular organization formed by a helicase core region, which contains conserved motifs, and variable, non-conserved N- and C-terminal extensions. The role of these extensions remains unknown. Herein, we show that the N-terminal domain of Dbp7 is necessary for efficient nuclear import of the protein. Indeed, a basic bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS) could be identified in its N-terminal domain. Removal of this putative NLS impairs, but does not abolish, Dbp7 nuclear import. Both N- and C-terminal domains are required for normal growth and 60S ribosomal subunit synthesis. Furthermore, we have studied the role of these domains in the association of Dbp7 with pre-ribosomal particles. Altogether, our results show that the N- and C-terminal domains of Dbp7 are important for the optimal function of this protein during ribosome biogenesis.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación PID2019-103850-GB-I00Junta de Andalucía P20_00581, BIO-271, BIO-210Universidad de Sevilla US-138039

Association of snR190 snoRNA chaperone with early pre-60S particles is regulated by the RNA helicase Dbp7 in yeast

Synthesis of eukaryotic ribosomes involves the assembly and maturation of precursor particles (pre-ribosomal particles) containing ribosomal RNA (rRNA) precursors, ribosomal proteins (RPs) and a plethora of assembly factors (AFs). Formation of the earliest precursors of the 60S ribosomal subunit (pre-60S r-particle) is among the least understood stages of ribosome biogenesis. It involves the Npa1 complex, a protein module suggested to play a key role in the early structuring of the pre-rRNA. Npa1 displays genetic interactions with the DExD-box protein Dbp7 and interacts physically with the snR190 box C/D snoRNA. We show here that snR190 functions as a snoRNA chaperone, which likely cooperates with the Npa1 complex to initiate compaction of the pre-rRNA in early pre-60S r-particles. We further show that Dbp7 regulates the dynamic base-pairing between snR190 and the pre-rRNA within the earliest pre-60S r-particles, thereby participating in structuring the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) of the large ribosomal subunit.The Henry/Henras group is supported by grants from ANR (ANR-20-CE12-0026) and funding from CNRS and University of Toulouse. R.A.M. is supported by grants from the Rectorat of Lebanese University. M.J. is supported by a Ph.D. fellowship from the Lebanese University and CIOES Organization. The group of J.d.l.C. is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation [PID2019-103859-GB-I00 AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033], and the Andalusian Regional Government (JA; BIO-271). J.C. was supported by a Ph.D. fellowship (PIF) from the University of Seville, and S.M.-V. is an academic research staff of the JA (PAIDI2020). M.T.B. and K.E.B. are supported by funding from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB860) and the University Medical Centre Göttingen

Nodes of Ranvier and Paranodes in Chronic Acquired Neuropathies

Chronic acquired neuropathies of unknown origin are classified as chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies (CIDP) and chronic idiopathic axonal polyneuropathies (CIAP). The diagnosis can be very difficult, although it has important therapeutic implications since CIDP can be improved by immunomodulating treatment. The aim of this study was to examine the possible abnormalities of nodal and paranodal regions in these two types of neuropathies. Longitudinal sections of superficial peroneal nerves were obtained from biopsy material from 12 patients with CIDP and 10 patients with CIAP and studied by immunofluorescence and in some cases electron microscopy. Electron microscopy revealed multiple alterations in the nodal and paranodal regions which predominated in Schwann cells in CIDP and in axons in CIAP. In CIDP paranodin/Caspr immunofluorescence was more widespread than in control nerves, extending along the axon in internodes where it appeared intense. Nodal channels Nav and KCNQ2 were less altered but were also detected in the internodes. In CIAP paranodes, paranodin labeling was irregular and/or decreased. To test the consequences of acquired primary Schwann cells alteration on axonal proteins, we used a mouse model based on induced deletion of the transcription factor Krox-20 gene. In the demyelinated sciatic nerves of these mice we observed alterations similar to those found in CIDP by immunofluorescence, and immunoblotting demonstrated increased levels of paranodin. Finally we examined whether the alterations in paranodin immunoreactivity could have a diagnosis value. In a sample of 16 biopsies, the study of paranodin immunofluorescence by blind evaluators led to correct diagnosis in 70±4% of the cases. This study characterizes for the first time the abnormalities of nodes of Ranvier in CIAP and CIDP, and the altered expression and distribution of nodal and paranodal proteins. Marked differences were observed between CIDP and CIAP and the alterations in paranodin immunofluorescence may be an interesting tool for their differential diagnosis