Ethics in scientific publication: historical and international perspectives

Due to the character of the original source materials and the nature of batch digitization, quality control issues may be present in this document. Please report any quality issues you encounter to [email protected], referencing the URI of the item.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 39-47).Ethical issues in scientific communication have existed in the scientific community since before the 17[th] century publication of the first scientific journal. To understand the historical development of scientific publication ethics as its own field of research, I did a comprehensive review of Internet sites and books and articles published after 1970. To help fill in gaps in the literature, I sent an electronic survey to 26 researchers with experience as editors, authors, and peer reviewers. I found that five main topics in publication ethics have received the largest amount of attention over the last 25 years: peer review, authorship, conflict of interest, publication bias, and duplicate/redundant publication. Since the 1970s, when research reports and other articles on these topics were first published with regularity, the number of studies published annually has increased substantially. Conferences, such as the International Peer Review Congresses, have focused on ethical issues, and many scientific organizations have created guidelines for ethical practices in scientific publishing. Different nations and fields have different codes and guidelines regarding ethical issues in scientific publishing. In national guidelines, it appears that there is an inverse relationship between guideline stringency and the amount of political freedom allowed under that nation's government. Of the 26 surveys sent, 13 were returned. Of those surveyed, most stated that they were only somewhat aware of guidelines, and responses indicated that few researchers surveyed were aware of many instances of misconduct. Debate over each issue has increased, but no commonly accepted ethical practices have been developed. Awareness of these issues does not appear to have increased nor does it appear that the rate of occurrence of ethical infractions has decreased. This apparent unchanging rate of occurrence may be because, as publication has increased in most fields, scientists lack time to read articles outside of their own areas of research. A more comprehensive survey, distributed on a much larger scale, would be useful to better understand the causes of continued ethical infractions and to help develop practical solutions to ethical problems

THE EFFECTS OF NCLB AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CHANGE: A MODIFIED DELPHI STUDY OF PRINCIPALS\u27 PERCEPTIONS

This modified Delphi study explored the effects of No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2001 (Public Law 10-110) on the nation’s education system and the challenges it has presented to public school principals nationwide regarding their ability to be agents of change at a local level while maintaining effective leadership. National Association of Elementary School Principals (NAESP) and National Association of Secondary School Principals (NASSP) 2009-2011 national and state awards yielded a purposive, homogeneous sample of 448 principals honored as experts in the field of educational leadership and qualified to make recommendations for future reauthorization of NCLB. Through use of PsychData online survey service, Phase 1 involved two rounds of open-ended questions iteratively to a discrete panel of experts drawn from sample; Phase 2, administering the NCLB Perceptions Questionnaire (75 five-point Likert-scale items generated from respondents’ Phase 1 input) to a second distinct panel. Qualitative data analysis was accomplished with QDA Miner 4; quantitative data, SPSS 20 (descriptive statistics, factor analysis, MANOVA testing). Descriptively, rank ordering of means indicated that participants selected strongly agree or agree on 59 (78.7%) of the 75 items (e.g., recommendation to policymakers to confer with principals on proposed changes). Although the selective nature of the sampling puts generalizability somewhat in question, findings interpreted from analysis of a wealth of participant perceptions increase our understanding of principals’ perceptions of myriad educational issues (e.g., accountability, individual student growth, problems with achievement, loss of local control, and ways to make a difference in national policies through organizations). Despite their inability to reach consensus regarding NCLB’s societal impact on the plight of public education, principals expressed opinions on both sides of this debate that can be traced back to NCLB’s inception. This study is distinctive in implementation of this modified Delphi technique design to obtain input regarding NCLB from principals nationwide representing both elementary and secondary levels of our public education system. The study helps bring to light the need to provide a voice to those in the field who know first-hand the many daily challenges of educating our students in America’s 21st century public schools

The in vitro propagation of seagrasses : halophila ovalis, ruppia megacarpa and posidonia coriacea

Seagrass communities are of high ecological and economic significance. They provide a nursery area for commercial and recreational juvenile fish and crustacea. Seagrasses also play an important role in influencing the structure and function of many estuarine and nearshore marine environments. Unfortunately, the decline of seagrasses, as a result of human impact, has increased in recent years. This decline has become a major problem throughout the world. Current methods used to restore degraded seagrass beds are limited, the most promising being transplanting material from healthy donor beds. This approach is expensive because it is labor intensive and damages the donor bed. Consequently, large scale transplanting programmes are not considered to be feasible. An alternative to using donor material may be found in the propagation of seagrasses. This has been attempted through the production of seedlings in tissue culture. Tissue culture has shown to be successful in the rapid cloning of terrestrial plants and may be applied to develop a protocol which can be utilised to restore seagrass meadows. Five clones of Halophila ovalis Hook F., (initiated from seed) and one clone of Ruppia megacarpa Mason (initiated from rhizome) were obtained from stocks at Edith Cowan University, School of Natural Sciences. Posidonia coriacea Cambridge and Kuo was initiated in tissue culture during this study. These trials were undertaken in order to develop suitable tissue culture methods to be applied to the propagation of seagrasses for future revegetation programs. The addition of sucrose to the medium resulted in increased growth and chlorophyll content of H. ovalis. There was no difference between the concentrations applied (30mM, 60mM and 120mM) with regard to growth, but between clones there were observed differences in the chlorophyll content. A comparison of one, two, four and eight week periods between subculture on basal medium showed no effect on the growth of H. ovalis, though after two weeks, cultures appeared healthier. Cultures of H. ovalis grown in buffered (10mM MES) medium showed an increase in growth and chlorophyll content between initial pH 6 and 8 compared to those grown on unbuffered medium. These results suggest that medium buffering is important for tissue culture of seagrasses. When cytokinins (5µM concentration) were added to the medium, there was no effect on growth or chlorophyll content for three H. ovalis clones or one R. megacarpa clone. Seeds with the pericarp intact were more successful in initiating P. coriacea in tissue culture than those with rhizomes and those without the pericarp. These have continued to grow over seven months, but have not produced rhizome extension as in H. ovalis or R. megacarpa. These studies have shown that the requirements for tissue culture of seagrasses may be substantially different from that of terrestrial plants, and have produced a good base line of information for the propagation of seagrasses in tissue culture

L'impact du décès par suicide d'un patient chez des professionnels en santé mentale

La littérature souligne que les professionnels réagissent vivement au décès par suicide d'un patient (Kleespies, Penk et Forsyth, 1993) et présentent des réactions semblables à celles retrouvées dans l'entourage de la personne décédée (Grad, Zavasnik et Groleger, 1997; McAdams et Foster, 2000; Meade, 1999; Pieters, De Gucht, Joos et De Heyn, 2003; Weiner, 2005). Selon plusieurs auteurs, ce type d'événement peut mener à une crise à la fois personnelle et professionnelle (Horn, 1994; Litman, 1964; Menninger, 1991). Certains vont même dire que le décès par suicide d'un patient constitue un risque occupationnel important (Chemtob et al., 1989). Cette étude exploratoire vise à mieux comprendre les répercussions du décès par suicide d'un patient chez les professionnels en santé mentale. La recherche a été effectuée auprès de 125 professionnels en santé mentale ayant vécu le décès par suicide d'un patient lors de leur pratique au Québec. Les résultats indiquent que même si le décès par suicide d'un patient représente un événement significatif dans la carrière des professionnels en santé mentale, ceux-ci s'y adaptent relativement bien et utilisent plusieurs sources de soutien dans leur processus d'adaptation. Les réactions des professionnels ne doivent pas être confondues avec des réactions de deuil. Il est important de conceptualiser l'impact du suicide d'un patient chez les professionnels en tenant compte des caractéristiques particulières de cette population et du lien qui les unit à leurs patients. Les professionnels réagissent davantage par des réactions de stress dans le premier mois. Ces réactions de stress sont habituelles et peuvent être considérées comme normales étant donné l'événement. Nonobstant, plusieurs professionnels vivront une réaction de stress aiguë, ce qui les rendra par la suite plus enclins à modifier leurs pratiques professionnelles. Le décès par suicide d'un patient provoque plusieurs changements dans la pratique clinique ultérieure des professionnels. Par exemple, ils peuvent être plus sensibles aux indices du risque de suicide, se sentir plus anxieux lorsqu'ils entrent en contact avec une personne suicidaire ou à risque de suicide, prendre des précautions accrues dans le traitement des patients suicidaires, hospitaliser les patients plus rapidement, se sentir responsable du décès et remettre en question l'efficacité de leurs outils thérapeutiques. Ces répercussions professionnelles peuvent avoir des impacts importants sur les autres patients en consultation. L'ouvrage regroupe une courte introduction, un premier article constituant une recension des écrits sur le thème à l'étude, un deuxième article portant sur les résultats de la thèse et une discussion synthèse dont l'objectif est d'enrichir la réflexion entourant les résultats. Les deux articles de cette thèse ont été publiés dans la Revue québécoise de psychologie. De façon plus spécifique, la discussion synthèse tente d'élaborer des hypothèses pour expliquer la phase initiale de stress aigu constatée chez plusieurs professionnels et des lacunes entourant la formation quant à la problématique du suicide. Le document suggère finalement des avenues potentielles de recherche et présente quelques implications cliniques des résultats sur la pratique des professionnels.\ud ______________________________________________________________________________ \ud MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : suicide d'un patient, impact, professionnels en santé mentale

The Social Determinants of Sexual and Reproductive Health in Integrative Sex and Couples Counseling: A Structural Competence Perspective

The Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies (MSJCC; Ratts et al., 2015) call for counselors to address equity issues via social justice and advocacy. One equity issue relevant to counseling sexology is sexual and reproductive health inequities. This article applies the social determinants of sexual and reproductive health (SDSRH) to counseling sexology, specifically integrative sex and couples counseling, to address health inequities. A fictional case study incorporates the SDSRH from a cross-theoretical structural competence perspective. Future research should further elaborate SDSRH frameworks and evaluate the efficacy of their clinical applications

Open Innovation and Strategy

The article discusses a process of business innovation known as open innovation and its relation to traditional business strategy. The competitive strategy developed by Michael Porter emphasized rivalry, buyer power, and barriers to entry as forces that could enhance a producer\u27s surplus. The authors discuss the impact of the Porterian value chain, the processes of production through to the consumer, on subsequent business practices. However, this theory does not account for external sources of value to a company, such as innovation communities, volunteer contributors and surrounding networks, including social networking web sites, open source software and the Wiki model of open contributions. The concept of openness requires shifting from ownership to value creation and value capture

L’impact du suicide d’un patient chez des professionnels en santé mentale : Différences entre les femmes et les hommes

Cet article rapporte les résultats d’une recherche réalisée auprès de 141 professionnels en santé mentale pratiquant au Québec et ayant vécu le suicide d’un patient. Les professionnels ont réagi à cet événement différemment en fonction de leur sexe. Les femmes y ont répondu par un niveau de stress élevé au cours du premier mois, alors que les hommes ont dévoilé un niveau de stress faible. Le niveau élevé de stress relevé chez les femmes était accompagné de répercussions initialement plus intenses sur leur pratique professionnelle : tendance accrue à hospitaliser des patients suicidaires ou précautions accrues dans leur traitement, évaluation d’un plus grand nombre de patients comme présentant un risque de suicide, sentiment accru d’impuissance lors de l’évaluation ou du traitement de patients suicidaires, consultation plus fréquente de collègues et de superviseurs, attention accrue aux aspects légaux dans la pratique. L’article tente de mieux comprendre les différences entre les réactions des professionnels observées selon leur sexe, à la lumière des théories de la socialisation et du développement professionnel.This article presents the results of a study of 141 mental health professionals who have experienced a patient’s suicide. Results indicate that mental health professionals reacted to such suicides in different ways according to gender. Women generally responded with elevated stress levels in the first month, while men experienced stress levels that were subclinical on average. The high stress response found in women was also initially accompanied by more profound impacts on their professional practice : increased hospitalizations of suicidal patients or greater precautions in their treatment, increased evaluation of patients as being at risk for suicide, increased helplessness while assessing or treating suicidal patients, more frequent consultation of colleagues and supervisors and more attention to legal issues. Gender differences found in this study are discussed in the light of socialization and professional development theories

Arctic Standards: Recommendations on Oil Spill Prevention, Response, and Safety in the U.S. Arctic Ocean

Oil spilled in Arctic waters would be particularly difficult to remove. Current technology has not been proved to effectively clean up oil when mixed with ice or when trapped under ice. An oil spill would have a profoundly adverse impact on the rich and complex ecosystem found nowhere else in the United States. The Arctic Ocean is home to bowhead, beluga, and gray whales; walruses; polar bears; and other magnificent marine mammals, as well as millions of migratory birds. A healthy ocean is important for these species and integral to the continuation of hunting and fishing traditions practiced by Alaska Native communities for thousands of years.To aid the United States in its efforts to modernize Arctic technology and equipment standards, this report examines the fierce Arctic conditions in which offshore oil and gas operations could take place and then offers a summary of key recommendations for the Interior Department to consider as it develops world-class, Arctic-specific regulatory standards for these activities. Pew's recommendations call for improved technology,equipment, and procedural requirements that match the challenging conditions in the Arctic and for full public participation and transparency throughout the decision-making process. Pew is not opposed to offshore drilling, but a balance must be achieved between responsible energy development and protection of the environment.It is essential that appropriate standards be in place for safety and for oil spill prevention and response in this extreme, remote, and vulnerable ecosystem. This report recommends updating regulations to include Arctic specific requirements and codifying temporary guidance into regulation. The appendixes to this report provide substantially more detail on the report's recommendations, including technical background documentation and additional referenced materials. Please refer to the full set of appendixes for a complete set of recommendations. This report and its appendixes offer guidelines for responsible hydrocarbon development in the U.S. Arctic Ocean

Silver Bullets, Grand Challenges and the New Philanthropy

Whether generic ‘silver bullet’ solutions can address complex development problems has been debated for many years. The ‘grand challenge’ extends the idea of the silver bullet in ways that speak to a goal-driven, global development agenda and a new generation of private philanthropists – or ‘philanthro-capitalists’ seeking to apply business methods to ‘strategic’ giving. These developments raise new Sustainability challenges, explored in this paper, drawing on examples from the health and agriculture sectors. Biofortification research funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation provides a detailed, illustrative case of how these ideas can reduce space to debate directionality and accountability. Imperatives towards rapid ‘scaling up’ infer homogenous populations and overlook patterns of diversity and distributional concerns; transforming complex and diverse needs into ’demand’ for pre-defined technical solutions. This paper asks if the potential exists for a reinvigorated philanthropic sector to play a different role, and turn its power and resources towards learning processes that recognise diversity and use this to reshape programme design.ESR