Influence of lipid supplementation on milk components and fatty acid profile

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different lipid sources in diets for lactating cows on milk yield and composition, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content, and fatty acid profile in the milk fat. Five primiparous Holstein cows were distributed in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Treatments were: control (no lipid addition) and four other diets containing different lipids sources - ground raw soybean, cottonseed, soybean oil, and calcium salts of soybean fatty acids (CSSFA). The greater milk yield (kg/day) and milk lactose (g/kg) and solids non-fat (g/kg) contents were obtained with the animals fed diets with CSSFA. Regarding the fatty acid profile in the milk fat, the diets with CSSFA and ground raw soybeans produced the greatest concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids and C182. Supplementation with CSSFA provided a greater production (g/day) of CLA, resulting in almost twice the values shown by the other treatments. The use of different lipid sources does not affect the milk total solids (protein, fat, and lactose) and CSSFA has a positive influence on the fatty acid profile of the milk fat and amount of CLA produced. Additionally, milk yield is not affected by this supplement

Lipid supplement for lactating cows: profile of fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid content in milk fat

A pesquisa foi conduzida com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de diferentes fontes lipídicas em dietas de vacas em lactação, sobre os seguintes parâmetros: consumos de matéria seca e nutrientes; coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente; produção e composição do leite; teor de CLA na gordura do leite; perfil geral de ácidos graxos na gordura do leite; níveis sanguíneos de uréia, triglicerídeos, HDL, LDL, VLDL, colesterol total e glicose; balanço de compostos nitrogenados; síntese de proteína microbiana; concentração de ácidos graxos voláteis e nitrogênio amoniacal do líquido ruminal. Foram utilizadas 5 vacas primíparas da raça holandesa, PO (puro de origem) e PC (puro por cruza), distribuídas em um quadrado latino 5 x 5. Os tratamentos foram caracterizados pelas seguintes dietas experimentais: controle (sem adição de lipídio); dieta com grão de soja cru moído; dieta com caroço de algodão; dieta com óleo de soja; dieta com sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos (Megalac® E). A maioria dos valores para consumo e digestibilidade, de matéria seca e frações do alimento não apresentaram diferenças entre as dietas, o consumo de fibra em detergente neutro indigestível (FDNI) foi superior para a dieta com caroço de algodão, assim como, a digestibilidade da proteína se mostrou superior no tratamento com óleo de soja. Nos parâmetros produtivos, houve maior produção em kg/dia de leite, lactose do leite e extrato seco desengordurado do leite, quando o sabão de cálcio foi usado como suplemento. No âmbito de perfil de ácidos graxos contidos na gordura do leite, os tratamentos com sabão de cálcio e grão de soja cru moído, deram origem às maiores concentrações de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados e C18:2. A suplementação com sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos foi responsável pela maior produção diária de ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA), apresentando valores praticamente o dobro dos demais tratamentos. A concentração de CLA na gordura do leite, apesar de não ter apresentado significância estatística, também foi superior para este suplemento. Em relação ao metabolismo de compostos nitrogenados, a excreção de nitrogênio via urina foi superior em vacas que receberam dietas com suplemento de óleo de soja. Os suplementos lipídicos, com exceção do sabão de cálcio, incrementaram a síntese de proteína microbiana. Já para concentração de amônia no líquido ruminal obteve-se valor superior para o tratamento controle e valor inferior para o tratamento com grão de soja cru e moído, enquanto os parâmetros sanguíneos mantiveram-se inalterados. O suplemento lipídico, sabão de cálcio (Megalac® E), apresentou influência positiva sobre o perfil de ácidos graxos contidos na gordura do leite, principalmente no que diz respeito à quantidade de CLA. Por outro lado, aspectos de produção e composição do leite não foram afetados negativamente por esse suplemento.The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different lipid sources in diets of lactating cows on the following parameters: dry matter intake and nutrients apparent digestibility, milk production and composition, fat content of CLA in milk; general profile of fatty acids in milk fat, blood levels of urea, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, VLDL, total cholesterol and glucose, nitrogenous compounds balance, microbial protein synthesis, concentration of volatile fatty acids and ammonia concentration of rumen fluid. We used five primiparous Holstein, PO (pure source) and PC (pure by crosses), distributed in a 5 x 5 Latin square. The treatments were characterized by the following experimental diets: control (no added lipid) diet with raw ground soybean, cottonseed diet, diet with soybean oil diet with calcium salts of fatty acids (Megalac ® E). Most values for intake and digestibility of dry matter and food fractions showed no differences between diets, consumption of indigestible neutral detergent fiber (INDF) was higher for diet with cottonseed, as well as the digestibility protein seems to be higher in treatment with soybean oil. Productive performance, there was increased production in kg / day of milk, lactose in milk and nonfat dry milk, when the soap was used as calcium supplement. Within the profile of fatty acids contained in milk fat, treatment with calcium soap and raw ground soybean, led to higher concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids and C18: 2. Supplementation with calcium salts of fatty acids was responsible for the higher production of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), with values nearly double the other treatments. The concentration of CLA in milk fat, although not shown statistically significant, was also higher for this supplement. Regarding the metabolism of nitrogenous compounds, nitrogen excretion via urine was higher in cows fed diets supplemented with soybean oil. The fat supplements, with the exception of calcium soap, increased the microbial protein synthesis. As for the ammonia concentration in rumen fluid was obtained upper value for the control treatment and lower value for the treatment of raw soy beans and ground coffee, while blood parameters remained unchanged. The fat supplement, calcium soap (Megalac ® E), positive influence on the profile of fatty acids contained in milk fat, especially with regard to the amount of CLA. Moreover, aspects of production and milk composition were not affected by this supplement.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superio

Productive performance of Holstein calves submit at diferennt ages of weaning and hay careted

Há complexa interação entre propostas de aleitamento, no tocante ao período de aleitamento e o consumo de alimento sólido; entre o consumo de concentrado e feno, idade em que o volumoso e concentrado devem ser fornecidos e suas interações sobre o desempenho de bezerros. Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho e o consumo dos bezerros em duas idades de desaleitamento (60 e 90 dias de experimento), em duas idades de fornecimento de feno (15 e 60 dias de experimento). O período experimental teve início no sexto dia de vida dos animais e utilizaram-se dez repetições por tratamento, totalizando quarenta unidades experimentais, 12 fêmeas e 28 machos, com grau de sangue variando de 7/8 H/Z a puro por cruza, utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos completos casualizados, em arranjo fatorial 2x2, sendo duas idades de desaleitamento, com a mesma quantidade total de leite fornecido, e duas idades de fornecimento de feno. Dos quarenta animais, 16 foram abatidos aos 90 dias de experimento, para avaliação de peso do rúmen e 24 foram criados coletivamente até 180 dias com intuito de verificar o desempenho observado nos três primeiros meses de vida. Observou-se que o consumo de matéria seca, em kg/dia, % PV e g/kgPV0,75, durante os primeiros 90 dias de experimento, foi o mesmo para todos tratamentos; no entanto, o consumo de alimentos sólidos, concentrado e feno, para animais que receberam menores quantidades de leite em determinadas épocas, foi maior (P<0,05), para essas épocas, promovendo a paridade no consumo de matéria seca para todos os bezerros no intervalo de 1 a 90 dias de experimento. As digestibilidades, medidas aos 45 dias de experimento, de proteína e porcentagem de nutrientes digestíveis totais nas dietas, assim como o balanço de compostos nitrogenado, foram maiores (P<0,05) em situações em que o leite foi ofertado em maior quantidade, de acordo com os tratamentos. A digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro foi influenciada positivamente (P<0,05) pelo maior consumo de volumoso. Não houve diferença para os tratamentos sobre a síntese de proteína microbiana, no entanto, em valores numéricos observou-se maior produção de proteína microbiana para animais que consumiram maior quantidade de alimentos sólidos, no período analisado. O peso de rúmen, verificado aos 90 dias foi mais expressivo para animais desaleitados aos 60 dias de experimento devido à influência positiva do consumo exclusivo de alimento sólido, ao qual o feno se enquadra, sobre o peso de rúmen para bezerros; no entanto, esse fato não teve relevância para parâmetros de desempenho. Dessa forma, os ganhos médios diários e o peso final dos bezerros foram iguais, analisando todo o período (1 a 90 dias de experimento). Essa tendência se manteve até os 180 dias de experimento. Assim, concluiu- se que para bezerros holandeses o desmame e o início do fornecimento de feno, devem acontecer aos dois meses de idade.There is complex interaction between feeding milk purpose, when talk about period of feeding and intake of solid feed, between concentrate intake and hay, roughages age and concentrate should be given and its interactions about the performance of calves. This work was carried on with objective to evaluate the performance and calves intake in two ages of weaning (60 to 90 days of experiment), in two ages of catering hay (15 to 60 days of experiment). The experimental period take place in the sixth day of animals life s and was used ten repetition by treatment, with forty experimental unit, 12 female and 28 male, crossbred 7/8 Holstein x Zebu it was used the completely randomized design blocks with design factorial 2x2, being two ages of weaning, with the same milk quantity catered, and two ages of hay catered. Into forty animals, 16 were slaughter to 90 days of experiment, to evaluate rumen weight and 24 animals were management together to 180 days, with the objective to evaluate the performance in the three first months of life. The dry matter intake, in Kg/day, % LW e g/KgLW0,75, along the first 90 days of experiment, was the same of all treatments, however, the feed solids intake, concentrated and hay, to animals that were receive less milk quantity in epoch determined, was great (P<0,05) to this epoch, advance the same in the dry matter intake to all calves in the half-time of 1 to 90 days of experiment. The digestibility was measured to 45 days of experiment, of protein e percentage of total digestive nutrients, such as the nitrogen compost balance, were great (P<0,05) in situation where milk was great quantity catered, dependent on each treatment. The digestibility of neutral detergent fiber was positively influenced (P<0,05) by greater roughages intake. There is not difference to treatments on microbial protein production, however, numerical value it was greater microbial protein production to animals that were intake great quantity of solids feed, in the analyzed period. The rumen weight, to 90 days was greater to animals weaning to 60 days of experiment due positive influence of intake of solids feed, which means hay was feeding, on rumen weight calves, however, this case do not have relevance to performance. In this case, the average gain daily and final calves weights were the same, when analyzed all period (1 to 90 days of experiment). This tendency keeps it to 180 days of experiment. So, conclude that to Holstein calves weaning at the beginning of hay catered should be at two month of age.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superio

Kinetics of transit and degradation of the fiber from guinea grass silages enriched with waste from soybean pre-cleaning

The objective was to study the kinetics of transit and degradation of the fiber from guinea grass and the waste from soybean pre-cleaning (WSPC), ensiled with different proportions of mass (0, 100, 150, and 200 g WSPC/kg total mass). Four crossbred (Gyr × Holstein), fistulated cattle with an average body mass of 400±50 kg were organized in a 4 × 4 Latin square experimental design. The fiber utilized in the study of the transit kinetics was stained with chromium mordant, whereas the in situ technique was adopted for the degradation kinetics. The level of inclusion of WSPC only affected the true digestibility and the mean retention time. The addition of waste from soybean pre-cleaning to the silage of guinea grass is beneficial, in terms of kinetics of digestion and passage, at up to levels close to 100 g/kg, because after this quantity the fiber digestion and passage in and through the reticulo-rumen are impaired and there may be alterations in the ruminal environment that will affect the use of silage by animals

Slow-release urea in diets for lactating crossbred cows

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of F1 (Holstein × Zebu) cows in lactation according to different levels of substitution of soybean meal for a protein equivalent non-protein nitrogen originated from slow-release urea (SRU). Eight F1 (Holstein × Zebu) cows in the first third of lactation, with an average milk yield of 12.7 kg (±3.1 kg)/day and a live weight of 552 kg (±30 kg), were used. The experimental design was composed of two simultaneous 4 × 4 Latin squares, with the following treatments: 100% soybean meal and 0% SRU; 66% soybean meal and 34% SRU; 34% soybean meal and 66% SRU; and 0% soybean meal and 100% SRU. Sorghum silage, used as roughage, was supplied together with the concentrate. Feed intake and digestibility as well as milk yield and milk composition were measured. The obtained data were subjected to analysis of variance, adopting a 5% probability level. No intake variable showed significant differences among the treatments, and the mean values for the intakes of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were 18.35 2.62 and 5.85 kg/day, respectively. The results for apparent digestibility also did not show differences among treatments, with DM, CP and NDF averaging 58.16, 58.64 and 36.21%, respectively. Milk yield and composition were similar among the treatments. The average 4%-fat-corrected milk yield was 13.39 kg/animal day. Intake, digestibility and milk yield and composition variables are not changed according to the substitution of the soy protein for slow-release urea. Thus, for average-milk-yield crossbred.animals, this substitution depends on economic variables only

Influence of lipid supplementation on milk components and fatty acid profile

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different lipid sources in diets for lactating cows on milk yield and composition, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content, and fatty acid profile in the milk fat. Five primiparous Holstein cows were distributed in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Treatments were: control (no lipid addition) and four other diets containing different lipids sources - ground raw soybean, cottonseed, soybean oil, and calcium salts of soybean fatty acids (CSSFA). The greater milk yield (kg/day) and milk lactose (g/kg) and solids non-fat (g/kg) contents were obtained with the animals fed diets with CSSFA. Regarding the fatty acid profile in the milk fat, the diets with CSSFA and ground raw soybeans produced the greatest concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids and C182. Supplementation with CSSFA provided a greater production (g/day) of CLA, resulting in almost twice the values shown by the other treatments. The use of different lipid sources does not affect the milk total solids (protein, fat, and lactose) and CSSFA has a positive influence on the fatty acid profile of the milk fat and amount of CLA produced. Additionally, milk yield is not affected by this supplement