Mean number of malformations.

<p>The mean number of malformations on strawberries from plants on organic and conventional farms. Boxes represent 25^th and 75^th of the sample, dots the median and error-bars the minimum and maximum values respectively.</p

Proportion of fully pollinated strawberries.

<p>The proportion of fully pollinated strawberries, i.e. having no malformations, from plants on organic and conventional farms. Boxes represent 25^th and 75^th of the sample, dots the median and error-bars the minimum and maximum values respectively.</p

Supplement 1. Model code and data structure for fitting CO-BACI using OpenBUGS.

<h2>File List</h2><div> <p><a href="CO-BACI_OpenBUGS_code.txt">CO-BACI_OpenBUGS_code.txt</a> (MD5: e552deab013414b9fc910186bdcef87b) </p> </div><h2>Description</h2><div> <p>The CO-BACI OpenBUGS code.txt gives the model code and data structure for fitting using OpenBUGS. </p> </div

Geographical distribution of research on neonicotinoid impacts on bees.

<p>The number of primary research studies from each country is indicated. Colours indicate countries with 1–5 studies (red), 6–10 studies (orange) or more than 10 studies (green).</p

Development of research on the effect of neonicotinoids on bees over time.

<p>The single meta-analysis study was published in 2011 [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0136928#pone.0136928.ref012" target="_blank">12</a>] and is not included in this figure. Data for 2015 (not complete; see text) included 20 primary research publications, 2 reviews and 6 other publications (not included in figure).</p

Total number of studies on neonicotinoids and bees in different crops, study examples for each crop, and number of studies for each method of application in each crop (‘Seed’ = seed treatment application, ‘Foliar’ = foliar spray application, ‘Soil’ = furrow, drench or drip irrigation application, Granulate = granulate application).

<p>Total number of studies on neonicotinoids and bees in different crops, study examples for each crop, and number of studies for each method of application in each crop (‘Seed’ = seed treatment application, ‘Foliar’ = foliar spray application, ‘Soil’ = furrow, drench or drip irrigation application, Granulate = granulate application).</p

Flow diagram for the systematic review.

<p>Flow diagram for the systematic review.</p

Number of studies examining the effect of neonicotinoids on different bee species.

<p>Number of studies examining the effect of neonicotinoids on different bee species.</p

Reduced abundance suggests endogenous selection against hybrids between two avian subspecies with different migratory programs

<p><strong>Poster Presentation: Speciation 2010 – First European Conference on Speciation Research</strong><br><strong>13-15 December 2010, IIASA Conference Center, Laxenburg, Austria</strong></p> <p><strong>Abstract</strong>:</p> <p>To what extent hybrid zones are maintained by endogenous or exogenous selection can be<br>difficult to disentangle. Endogenous selection is typically seen as the primary source of<br>selection hybrid zones. These hybrids zones are thought to represent tension zones where<br>reduce hybrid fitness is balanced by dispersal by parental taxa. Theory suggests that tension<br>zones are not static and tend to move and often become trapped in regions of low abundance. These areas of low abundance are often associated with environmental gradients. Two subspecies of willow warblers (<em>Phylloscopus trochilus trochilus</em> and <em>P. t. acredula</em>) in central Sweden are a good example of a narrow hybrid zone that likely resulted from secondary contact and is hypothesized to represent a tension zone. Whereas these two subspecies meet along a north-south gradient, the landscape surrounding the willow warbler hybrid zone is characterized by a perpendicular gradient in climate and habitats. In this study, we set out to use this hybrid zone combined with a long-term nationwide monitoring dataset, the Swedish Breeding Bird Survey, to test hypotheses and predictions derived from the tension zone model. Specifically, we tested (i) whether the willow warbler hybrid zone was associated with a region of low abundance, (ii) whether the hybrid zone was coincident with an environmental gradient indicative of exogenous selection, and (iii) if the single locus tension zone model could be used to predict hybrid zone abundance, supporting endogenous selection. Our results demonstrate that low abundance occurs in the willow warbler hybrid zone that is oriented on a north-south latitudinal gradient, and coincides with four previously described willow warbler trait clines. The elevation, climatic patterns, and the associated habitats for this region exist in an east-west longitudinal gradient, perpendicular to the cline in abundance, suggesting a limited role of exogenous factors in the location and maintenance of our tension zone. Further, the overall abundance of willow warblers in the hybrid zone closely matches the predicted abundance expected from the reduced hybrid fitness calculated from the single locus tension zone model.</p

TreeData

Data on numbers of mature trees per transect section. Trees are divied into three dispersal modes (dispersed by primates, other animals, or by abiotic means). Each forest (A,B,C) has two study sites (one hunted, one protected), and each site has four 1 km transects divided into 200 m sections