Improving Compliance With Preventive Care: Cooperation in Mutual Health Insurance

Preventive care should be subsidized in traditional insurance contracts since policyholders ignore the benefit of their prevention choice on the insurance premium (Ellis and Manning, 2007 JHE). We study participating policies as risk-sharing agreements among policyholders who decide how much to invest in secondary prevention. We explore under which conditions these policies allow partial or even full internalization of prevention benefits in an environment with repeated interactions between policy holders. Welfare generated by the risk-sharing agreement is increasing with the size of the pool, but at the same time the pool size must not be too large for cooperation to sustain the internalization benefits.

A high-resolution magnetic record of drift sediments in the neighbourhood of mound provinces in the Porcupine Seabight

The Porcupine Seabight forms a deep embayment in the Atlantic margin, off the south-western coast of Ireland. Very-high resolution seismic profiling, acquired since 1997, revealed the presence of large (carbonate) mounds.In general, the mounds are surrounded by bottom-current related deposits. The changes of seismic characteristics within the uppermost unit are interpreted as phases in a slope parallel drift under changing oceanographic conditions.The magnetic susceptibility records of two giant piston cores (MD01-2450 and MD01-2452), taken respectively in the drift sediments at the SE-flank of a Belgica mound (eastern flank of the basin) and above a Magellan mound (northern flank of the basin), were analysed in order to provide a relative time frame and to investigate possible changes in paleoceanography and paleoclimatology.Core MD01-2450 enabled us to propose a relative dating of over 74 ka, which has been confirmed by comparing the intensity of the NRM (Natural Remanent Magnetization) to ARM (Anhysteretic Remanent Magnetization) ratio with known intensity data. Another very remarkable observation in this core is the presence of iron sulfides between 630 and 1080 cm depth. This local iron sulfide enrichment could be the result of an anaerobic process with sulfate reduction during a period of non-steady-state diagenesis.Core MD01-2452, located in the sediments on top of the buried Magellan mounds, shows more pronounced paleoclimatological changes than the core located at the SE-flank of the Belgica mound. Moreover, typical HL can be recognized very clearly from magnetic susceptibility and P-wave velocity data during the latest glacial. The influence of European HE in the northern part of the basin could be less than on the eastern flank. However, we should be bear in mind that currents seem to be much weaker in the Magellan province than in the Belgica province. These weaker currents can be responsible for better preserved and thus more pronounced paleoclimatological and paleoceanographic changes in the uppermost quaternary sediment layers

Integrated geophysical and petrological study of fluid expulsion features along the Moroccan Atlantic margin

In this study we integrate a geophysical – carbonate petrological data set, collected during the TTR-14 cruise (summer 2004) along the Moroccan Atlantic margin in Gulf of Cadiz (Southern area, 400m – 1000m and El Arraiche mud volcano field). This allows us to investigate the deeper structure and its control on fluid venting, to address the nature of seafloor topographical features, fluid geochemistry and venting processes. The deeper structure of the Southern area is dominated by two NW trending anticlinal acoustic basement ridges. Their northern flank and top is cut by major present-day active, normal faults, along which four dome structures and the Meknes mud volcano (mv), are concentrated. These ridges correspond to rotated, faultbounded blocks breaking up the top of the accretionary wedge. This indicates the southward prolongation of extensional tectonics and its structural control on mud volcanism, south of the El Arraiche field, which is also evidenced by the typical sandstone mud breccias recovered at the Meknes mv. Carbonate cemented mud breccia from the Meknes (type M) and the Kidd (type K) mv, and cemented sediment portions from Pen Duick Escarpment (type PD), all possess similar carbon isotopic (-19 to -29%¸ VPDB) and carbonate geochemical signatures, indicating seepage of a geochemical similar thermogenic hydrocarbon-bearing fluid source. Slightly elevated d18O values of HMC-cemented type M crusts suggest the former presence and dissociation of gas hydrates. The brecciated fabric, intraclasts and aragonite cement morphology, typical of type K crusts testify of a relative vigorous fluid ascent. HMC-calcian dolomite cemented PD crusts were likely formed under conditions of slower fluid ascent. Their actual near-seafloor occurrence, well above the base of the SRZ, is hypothesized to relate to erosion and migration of the SRZ by variations in upward hydrocarbon fluxes

COCARDE: new view on old mounds – an international network of carbonate mound research

EGU2012-12550 Carbonate mounds are important contributors of life in different settings, from warm-water to cold-water environments, and throughout geological history. Research on modern cold-water coral carbonate mounds over the last decades made a major contribution to our overall understanding of these particular sedimentary systems. By looking to the modern carbonate mound community with cold-water corals as main framework builders, some fundamental questions could be addressed, until now not yet explored in fossil mound settings. The international network COCARDE (http://www.cocarde.eu) is a platform for exploring new insights in carbonate mound research of recent and ancient mound systems. The aim of the COCARDE network is to bring together scientific communities, studying Recent carbonate mounds in midslope environments in the present ocean and investigating fossil mounds spanning the whole Phanerozoic time, respectively. Scientific challenges in modern and ancient carbonate mound research got well defined during the ESF Magellan Workshop COCARDE in Fribourg, Switzerland (21.–24.01.2009). The Special Volume Cold-water Carbonate Reservoir systems in Deep Environments – COCARDE (Marine Geology, Vol. 282) was the major outcome of this meeting and highlights the diversity of Recent arbonate mound studies. The following first jointWorkshop and Field Seminar held in Oviedo, Spain (16.–20.09.2009) highlighted ongoing research from both Recent and fossil academic groups integrating the message from the industry. The field seminar focused on mounds from the Carboniferous platform of Asturias and Cantabria, already intensively visited by industrial and academic researchers. However, by comparing ancient, mixed carbonate-siliciclastic mound systems of Cantabria with the Recent ones in the Porcupine Seabight, striking similarities in their genesis and processes in mound development asked for an integrated drilling campaign to understand better the 3D internal mound build-up. The Oviedo Workshop and Field Seminar led to the submission of a White Paper on Carbonate Mound Drilling and the initiation of the ESF European Research Network Programme Cold-Water Carbonate Mounds in Shallow and Deep Time – The European Research Network (COCARDE-ERN) launched in June 2011. The second COCARDE Workshop and Field Seminar was held in Rabat, Morocco (24.–30.10.2011) and thematically focussed on carbonate mounds of(f) Morocco. The compact workshop invited students from Moroccan Universities to experience ongoing carbonate mound research in Recent and Ancient environments of Morocco. Two Round Tables discussed innovative approaches in carbonate mound research in Morocco (Recent vs. Ancient - offshore vs. onshore) and reviewed together with oil industry opportunities of international collaboration. The outcome of this workshop will lead into joint research projects, drilling campaigns on- and offshore, and expansion of COCARDE onto the African continent

Cours rationnel de dessin a l`usage des écoles élémentaires

I: Le dessin d`imitation. -- 3ème ed. -- 1880. -- 152 p.: il. n. II : Dessin d`ornement. -- 1878. -- VIII, 200 p. : il. n.Copia digital. Madrid : Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte. Subdirección General de Coordinación Bibliotecaria, 201

TOBI sidescan sonar mapping of carbonate mound provinces and channel heads in the Porcupine Seabight, W. of Ireland

A large-scale sidescan sonar survey, using the 30 kHz TOBI system of the SOC, was carried out in summer 2002 over the carbonate mound provinces of the Porcupine Seabight and Rockall Trough, W of Ireland (EASSS III contract HPRI-CT-1999-00047, survey partly on behalf of the Porcupine Studies Group). The survey in the Porcupine Seabight focused on the Hovland-Magellan province in the north and the Belgica province on the eastern flank of the basin. Furthermore a reconnaissance track was added over the canyon heads of the Gollum Channel System further south in the Seabight.Each area has different characteristics. The Hovland-Magellan province shows a very homogeneous backscatter in the sidescan mosaics, indicating a quiet depositional environment. Mounds appear as sharp features with a strong backscatter and an acoustic shadow. Some Hovland mounds form multiple, ridge-like structures of more than a km in length. The Magellan mounds are nearly all buried, but leave subtle topographic effects at the seafloor.The Belgica mound province is characterised by much less homogeneous backscatter and a steeper seafloor slope. The mounds are placed en echelon along the slope and are bound to the W by a blind channel. Smaller down-slope channels are also found between the mounds. Many small, high-backscatter features, interpreted as incipient (’Moira’) mounds have been found in this province. Striations in the blind channel, and higher up on the slope of the Belgica province indicate the influence of high current speeds. Pockmarks have been found just south of the Belgica province. The Gollum Channels are steep-flanked, U- or V-shaped channels of ca. 200 m deep. Their steep walls are cut by gullies and feeder channels, and evidence of slope failures is present. Lineations and high-backscatter patches are found on some of the channel floors

Biogeochemistry of carbonate mounds from the Pen Duick escarpment in the Gulf of Cadiz

In the Gulf of Cadiz, carbonate mounds build by cold-water corals were recently discovered on the Renard Ridge, a zone of active fluid flow and mud volcanism. Their sizes vary from 25 to more than 60 m high, at a depth of 520 m and they are aligned along the ridge axis. These mounds, located in the close vicinity of fluid flow markers such as carbonate crusts and mud volcanoes, provided a novel opportunity to study a possible fluid flow control on the mound processes and distribution. Previous geochemical studies on the southernmost mound of the ridge indeed showed that this mound was located on focused fluid flow compared to surrounding sediments, and we observed typical profiles of methane migration and anoxic oxidation (AOM) at 3,8 m below the sea floor within the mound. Such AOM occurrence imprinted a characteristic d13C signature (down to –21,9 %¸ Vs. PDB) and significantly contributes to the overall carbonate budget of the mound.During the recent R/V Maria S. Merian cruise (April-June 2006), we sampled by mean of a gravity corer six new structures likely to be cold-water carbonate mounds, along the Pen Duick escarpment and the Renard Ridge. Our aim was to determine if the geochemical profiles observed in the first mound could be generalized to all the mounds in this area.Each core yielded a full sequence of cold-water corals down to about 5 meters below the sea floor. Hence, the numerous knoll-like structures revealed by high-resolution bathymetry along the ridge are indeed carbonate mounds build by cold-water corals and the entire Ridge has been massively colonized by corals. No live reef-forming coral could be recovered from the cores, nor observed by towed video instruments. Then, fluid migration seems to be a common feature all along the ridge. However, important discrepancies were observed: methane concentrations are higher and sulfate gradients steeper on both side of the ridge, whereas the central part of the ridge seems less active in term of fluid migration. In this case, the sulfate to methane transition zone could not be reached using conventional gravity corer. In order to obtain the full biogeochemical picture of these mounds, the use of a long piston corer, or drilling devices, will be required.The reasons of the formation of massive reefs in this area are still unknown and are probably linked to locally enhanced hydrologic conditions. However, it is possible that cold-water coral could have benefited from the hard substrate and the topographic elevations provided by fluid related structures such as carbonate crusts, chimneys and clasts, as observed in several other locations in the Gulf of Cadiz

Sedimentological study of cold-water coral mounds on Pen Duick Escarpment (Gulf of Cadiz): preliminary results of the MD169 cruise

Cold-water corals are widely distributed along the Moroccan margin in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. Within the Gulf of Cadiz mud volcanoes, submarine ridges and steep fault escarpments occur, which favour the settlement of scleractinians and build up coral mounds. One of these sites is the Pen Duick Escarpment, situated in the El Arraiche mud volcano field, 35 km offshore the city of Larache. Pen Duick Escarpment is a 6 km long, SSE-NNW oriented, 80 to 125 m high wall with a southwest-facing slope of 8 to 12°. Up to now, 15 coral mounds were recognized on top of the escarpment with an average estimated elevation of 15 m. Although cold-water corals are a common feature on the adjacent cliffs, mud volcanoes and seafloor, no actual living coral has been observed.This study is based upon three on-mound gravity cores (Alpha, Beta and Gamma mound) acquired by R/V Marion Dufresne in 2008 (MD169). Each mound was cored at least twice to recover both a core for biogeochemical and microbial studies, and another core for sedimentological purposes, in order to link both processes. The sedimentological cores were analysed using different techniques (medical CT scanning, XRF, U/Th dating, stable isotopes, grain-size analysis) in order to obtain a holistic view on the build-up of a mound. The coring, together with present-day seabed observations, revealed the architectural importance of open coral rubble plates in the role of mound building. These graveyards act not only as sediment trap but also as microhabitat for a wide range of benthic organisms