Fatty acid composition, fat deposition, lipogenic gene expression and performance of broiler fed diet supplemented with different sources of oil

The present study assessed the effect of feeding palm oil (PO), sunflower oil (SO) and their combination on performance, fat deposition, fatty acid composition and lipogenic gene expression of broilers reared for 42 days. A total of 144 1-day-old broilers (Cobb500) were randomly allotted into four treatment diets with each having six replicates of six chicks in each replicate following a completely randomized design. Live weight gain and feed efficiency was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in birds fed with a combination of oil sources compared to controls. Birds fed with the combination of oil and SO alone had higher carcass yield and lower abdominal fat. Higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and lower concentrations of palmitic acid and saturated fatty acid (SFA) was found in birds fed SO alone and combinations of SO and PO. Furthermore, the outcomes showed that birds fed diet supplemented with SO and the combination of SO and PO down-regulated gene expression of key hepatic lipogenic enzymes of fatty acids synthase (FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD). These findings suggest that the diet containing the combination of 2% PO and 4% SO may reduce hepatic lipogenesis, as well as lower abdominal fat content of broilers

Effect of using insect larvae meal as a complete protein source on quality and productivity characteristics of laying hens

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) as a source of protein in layer diets on product performance, egg quality, hatchability, fertility, and sensory characteristics of eggs. The BSFL contained a high percentage of protein (559.9 g kg−1), metabolizable energy (696.3 kcal kg−1), crude fat (18.6 g kg−1), and dry matter (178 g kg−1) and a good balance of amino acids. A total of 54 Arabic strain hens at nine months of age were mixed with nine cocks at 12 months old; all were divided into three treatments. The diets were formulated based on three levels of energy-to-protein ratio: 155, 140, and 170. The BSFL meal was added at 0, 50, and 10 g kg−1 respectively. The results showed that feed intake, weight gain, Haugh unit, and hatchability were not affected by dietary treatments with BSFL. However, there was significant improvement in hen day egg production and hen house egg production due to dietary treatments of BSFL. Also, feed conversion ratio, egg weight, shell thickness, shell weight, egg yolk color, fertility, and egg mass were affected by dietary treatments. In addition, a significant improvement was observed in appearance, texture, taste, and acceptance of eggs of hens fed BSFL at 50 g kg−1. The odor was not affected by dietary treatments. Black soldier fly larvae can be a good source of protein in layer diets

Insects: a novel animal-feed protein source for the Australian market

The increasing demands on natural resources to provide food and feed has led to increased global initiatives to improve production sustainability and efficiency. The use of insects as an alternate source of protein for human food and production-animal feed is one such avenue gaining attention. With there being a large variety of insect species endemic to each region, there is likely to be an ideal candidate for each specific production system and region. Insects require less land and water than do terrestrial animals, have high feed-conversion efficiency (FCE) and emit low levels of greenhouse gases (GHG). Insect species currently investigated for mass production include black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), mealworms and crickets. In western societies, it is less likely that wide-scale adoption of insects as a food source will occur, although speciality products with ‘hidden’ insects, such as cricket flour, are commercially available. It is likely to be more achievable for insects to be included into the diets of production and companion animals. While there has been significant investment in research and development of large-scale insect-production systems, such facilities are yet to start producing at a significant scale. The safety and efficacy of insects as a food or feed must be established in conjunction with the development of mass rearing facilities and the optimisation of insect-rearing substrates. Insects also have nutraceutical properties that may have beneficial impacts on animal health and growth, with scope for these properties to be exploited as feed or food additives. The present review will explore the following question: ‘are insects a future livestock industry for Australia?

A note comparing the apparent metabolisable energy of three oil sources and their combination in broiler chickens

Apparent metabolisable energy (AME) of palm oil (PO), soybean oil (SO), linseed oil (LO) and blend oil (BO) in a ratio of 4:1:1 were evaluated. A total of 75, 21-day-old birds were fed corn-soy basal diet and the four test diets containing different oil sources (PO, SO, LO and BO), that were developed by replacing 60 g/kg of the basal diet for eight days. Differences in the apparent metabolisable energy were found (P<0.05), with the higher values for broiler-fed BO. This study affirmed that BO increases AME of oil enriched with saturated fatty acid in poultry diets

Effect of dietary soy lecithin on laying performance, egg quality and meat texture of aged layer hen

This study was conducted to determine the laying performance, egg quality and meat texture of aged layer hens fed with soy lecithin. A total of 100 layer hens (Novogen Brown), aged 76-weeks old, were randomly assigned to five treatment groups and treated as follows: basal diet with 0% (control), 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% soy lecithin, respectively. After four weeks of treatment, lecithin showed no improvement in body weight gain, egg mass, egg production, feed intake, feed conversion efficiency, egg quality and meat texture. Meanwhile, egg weight increased in birds fed with 2% lecithin (P=0.02) and this might be attributed to the high linoleic acid content in soy lecithin. The results implied that feeding hens with 2% lecithin increased egg weight but it had no beneficial effects on other laying performance parameters. Thus, it is of interest to investigate potential benefits of lecithin on different dietary fat sources

Effect of corn supplementation on purine derivatives and rumen fermentation in sheep fed PKC and urea-treated rice straw

This study investigated the effect of different levels of corn supplementation as energy source into palm kernel cake–urea-treated rice straw basal diet on urinary excretion of purine derivatives, nitrogen utilization, rumen fermentation, and rumen microorganism populations. Twenty-seven Dorper lambs were randomly assigned to three treatment groups and kept in individual pens for a 120-day period. The animals were subjected to the dietary treatments as follows: T1: 75.3% PKC + 0% corn, T2: 70.3% PKC + 5% corn, and T3: 65.3% PKC + 10% corn. Hypoxanthine and uric acid excretion level were recorded similarly in lambs supplemented with corn. The microbial N yield and butyrate level was higher in corn-supplemented group, but fecal N excretion, T3 has the lowest level than other groups. Lambs fed T3 had a greater rumen protozoa population while the number of R. flavefaciens was recorded highest in T2. No significant differences were observed for total bacteria, F. succinogenes, R. albus, and methanogen population among all treatment. Based on these results, T3 could be fed to lambs without deleterious effect on the VFA and N balance

Influence of different sources of oil on performance, meat quality, gut morphology, ileal digestibility and serum lipid profile in broilers

This study examined the effect of palm oil (PO), sunflower oil (SO) and their combinations on the growth performance, meat quality, intestinal morphology, ileal digestibility and blood plasma lipid profile of broilers. A total of 144-day-old broiler chicks (Cobb-500) were randomly assigned to basal diets supplemented with either T1, 6% PO (control); T2, 4% PO + 2% SO; T3, 2% PO + 4% SO or T4, 6% SO fed for six weeks. Birds fed SO and the combination of SO and PO had greater (p < .05) body weight gain and feed efficiency compared to control (PO) birds at 1–21 days, and no differences were found among T2–T4 treatments. Fat type had no significant effect on birds’ performance at 22–42 days and meat quality. Birds fed SO and the combination of SO and PO had greater (p < .05) duodenum and ilium length as well as higher fat digestibility than the control birds. The control diet raised blood plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein than other treatments. It is concluded that feeding a combination of saturated (PO) and unsaturated (SO) oil sources altered the blood lipid profile, and increased nutrient digestibility and performance without conceding the meat quality in broilers

Growth performance, cytokine expression, and immune responses of broiler chickens fed a dietary palm oil and sunflower oil blend supplemented with L-Arginine and varying concentrations of vitamin E

Usually, people will search on the Internet for movie that they want to watch. However, it is tedious to find and choose movie that matched with their preferences due to a lot of information on the Internet. Therefore, most of the movie portals are adopting recommendation engine to filter and display user’s personalized content. In this paper, MyRecMovie is presented to recommend movies by using graph-powered recommendation engine. MyRecMovie adopts content based (CB) and collaborative filtering (CF) approaches with then further enhance the recommendations with graph-powered recommendation engine to provide movie recommendations to the user

Effect of selenium sources on laying performance, egg quality characteristics, intestinal morphology, microbial population and digesta volatile fatty acids in laying hens

The use of toxic and less bioavailable inorganic selenium can now be supplemented with an alternative organic source from bacterial species in nutrition for human and animal benefit. This study investigated the effects of selenium sources on laying performance, egg quality characteristics, intestinal morphology, caecum microbial population, and digesta volatile fatty acids in laying hens. One hundred and forty-four Lohman Brown Classic laying hens, at 23 weeks of age, were divided into four experimental groups (36 hens in each), differing in form of Se supplementation: no Se supplementation (Con), 0.3 mg/kg of inorganic Se in the form of sodium selenite (Na2SeO3), 0.3 mg/kg of organic Se from selenium yeast (Se-Yeast), and 0.3 mg/kg of organic Se from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (bacterial organic Se, ADS18). The results showed that different dietary Se sources significantly affected laying rate, average egg weight, daily egg mass, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and live bodyweight (LBW) (p 0.05) among the treatment groups. The findings revealed that selenium sources had no (p > 0.05) effect on egg quality (external and internal) parameters. However, eggshell breaking strength and Haugh unit were significantly (p < 0.05) improved with organic (ADS18 or Se-yeast) Se-fed hens compared to the control group. In addition, egg yolk and breast tissue Se concentrations were higher (p < 0.05) in the dietary Se supplemented group compared to the control. Intestinal histomorphology revealed that hens fed ADS18 or Se-Yeast groups had significantly (p < 0.05) higher villi height in the duodenum and jejunum compared to those fed Na2SeO3 or a basal diet. However, when compared to organic Se fed (ADS18 or Se-Yeast) hens, the ileum villus height was higher (p < 0.05) in the basal diet group; with the lowest in the SS among the treatment groups. A significant increase (p < 0.05) of Lactobacilli spp. and Bifidobacteria spp., and a decrease of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. population were observed in the organic (ADS18 or Se-yeast) compared to inorganic supplemented and control hens. The individual digesta volatile fatty acid (VFA) was significantly different, but with no total VFA differences. Thus, bacterial selenoprotein or Se-yeast improved the performance index, egg quality characteristics, egg yolk and tissue Se contents, and intestinal villus height in laying hens. Moreover, caecum beneficial microbes increased with a decrease in the harmful microbe population and affected individual cecal volatile fatty acids without affecting the total VFA of the laying hens digesta

Influence of dietary ratios of n-6: n-3 fatty acid on gene expression, fatty acid profile in liver and breast muscle tissues, serum lipid profile, and immunoglobulin in broiler chickens¹

The study was conducted to investigate the influence of varying concentrations of dietary n-6: n-3 fatty acid ratio (FAR) on fatty acid (FA) structure, expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α, PPARγ, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) on liver and breast muscle tissue, lipid profile in serum and immunoglobulin in broiler birds. A total of 180 one-day-old Cobb 500 broiler birds were randomly allotted to 5 dietary treatments as follows: (T1) basal diet containing 6% palm oil (PO) as a control; (T2) basal diet containing 4% PO + 1% soybean oil (SO) + 1% linseed oil (LO); (T3) basal diet containing 3% PO + 2% SO + 1% LO; (T4) basal diet containing 3% PO + 1% SO + 2% LO; (T5) basal diet containing 2% PO + 2% SO + 2% LO. The n-6: n-3 ratio for the T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5 were 17.68, 3.70, 3.67, 2.18, and 2.05, respectively, whereas the ratios were 19.02, 3.28, 3.82, 2.28, and 2.23 for the T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5 in the finisher diets, respectively. The ratios of C22:6n-3, C18:3n-3, and C22:5n-3 in liver and breast muscle tissue amplified in response to a decrease in the proportion of n-6: n-3 FAR in diets. In addition, reducing the n-6: n-3 FAR in broiler diets up regulated the expression of PPARγ and PPARα but down regulates the expression of SCD (P < 0.05) in the breast and liver tissues. Moreover, reducing the dietary n-6: n-3 FAR improved plasma immunoglobulin and decreased the amount of cholesterol in breast meat and serum. The results suggest that decreasing the n-6: n-3 FAR in broiler diets may improve the immune response and enriched broiler meat with lower ratio of n-6: n-3 fatty acids and potential health beneficial n-3 FA for human diet