Competitiveness of U.S. Meats in Japan and South Korea: A Source Differentiated Market Study

The restricted source differentiated almost ideal demand system (RSDAIDS) is used to estimate the parameters of the Japanese and South Korean source differentiated meat demand models. Expenditure and own-price elasticities indicate that Japanese beef, Canadian and Danish pork, and Brazilian and Thai poultry have a competitive advantage in Japan. The BSE outbreak in Japan decreased the shares of Japanese and U.S. beef. Regarding South Korea, the results indicate that imported beef from the U.S. and Australia, Danish pork, and South Korean and Thai poultry have a competitive advantage. The U.S. BSE outbreak decreased the market shares of U.S. beef in the South Korean beef market.BSE, competitive advantage, FMD, Japanese meat demand, RSDAIDS, South Korean Meat Demand, Demand and Price Analysis,

NAFTA Impacts on the U.S. Competitiveness and Trade: Beef, Pork, and Poultry

The restricted source differentiated almost ideal demand system (RSDAIDS) is used to estimate source differentiated meat demand for U.S. NAFTA partners. In the Canadian meat market, the estimated price and expenditure elasticities indicate that Canadian beef has a competitive advantage compared to U.S. beef, while U.S. pork has a competitive advantage compared to Canadian pork. In the Mexican meat market, the estimated expenditure elasticities indicate that an increase in Mexican meat expenditures would lead to an increase in the demand for meats from all sources. Seasonality and Canadian and U.S. BSE outbreaks had small impacts on Canadian and Mexican meat demand.AIDS, BSE impacts, Competitive advantage, Canadian meat demand, Mexican meat demand, source differentiation, International Relations/Trade,

Food Labels: Implications for U.S. Agricultural Imports

Labels have been used to make food attributes transparent and to satisfy the increasing consumer demand for information about food credence values. Several types of prevalent U.S. food labels, their contributions, and the regulatory agencies behind them are examined in this paper. Additionally, studies dealing with the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for labeled products and the use of food labels as nontariff trade barriers are discussed. While unilateral labeling requirements are identified as a major form of non-tariff trade barriers, positive media influence and trust in the government and science are important factors that affect consumer WTP for food credence characteristics.consumer willingness-to-pay, food credence characteristics, food labeling, non-tariff trade barrier, Agribusiness, Consumer/Household Economics,

Welfare Impacts of BSE-Driven Trade Bans

There is often a need to respond quickly to assess the likely implications of policy changes. Here, an equilibrium displacement model is adapted to study international bans on U.S. beef. An equilibrium displacement model offers a convenient way of quickly predicting the effects of supply and demand shocks. The equilibrium displacement model used here has an international sector, which allows the study of issues that past models with only a domestic sector could not. The estimated welfare loss of U.S. beef producers, due to both Japanese and South Korean bans after the discovery of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the United States, is $565.31 million.equilibrium displacement, international trade, meat, trade ban, welfare, Marketing,

Welfare Implications of Selected Supply and Demand Shocks on Producers and Marketers of U.S. Meats

An equilibrium displacement model is developed and used to estimate the welfare impacts of government and industry-funded promotion programs, country of origin labeling (COOL), and the disease-driven, international bans on U.S. beef. The model goes beyond past studies by including the U.S. domestic market and both U.S. meat imports and exports, with meats differentiated by source of origin. The results indicate that while the benefits from beef and pork promotions are higher, the negative impacts of COOL are lower in a model with international trade than in a model without trade. International bans on U.S. beef decrease the welfare of producers and marketers of U.S. beef.beef ban, country of origin, equilibrium displacement model, pork, poultry, promotion, Demand and Price Analysis,

Impediments to U.S. wheat exports and reasons for decline in world market share

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Evaluation of an International Entrepreneur Exchange Program: Impacts, Lessons Learned, and Implications for Agricultural Development

This study evaluated a two-way, visitor exchange project for entrepreneurship development between three African countries and the United States. The study’s purpose was to determine outcomes, understand lessons learned, and derive implications for international agricultural development. Findings of the study confirm visiting African Entrepreneur Fellows (AEFs) developed entrepreneurial knowledge, gained business skills, and acquired positive attitudes toward U.S. business and culture. The majority of AEFs had applied acquired knowledge and skills to improve their businesses and promoted open economic ideals, business ethics, and human rights in their businesses. As a result, AEFs were able to expand their business into new ventures, improve customer services, establish communication networks, and serve their communities. Visitor exchange, entrepreneurship-building programs are effective strategies in contributing to development efforts in developing countries. Paying due attention to the selection and matching of U.S. mentors with the business interests and learning needs of international fellows is necessary to ensure their learning expectations are met. It is important to assign international participants with suitable mentors for longer periods of time to increase the likelihood of receiving more in-depth learning experiences and develop lasting professional relationships to further collaboration. Realization of the potential of entrepreneurship-focused, visitor exchange programs between nations as a strategy for international agricultural development is the major implication of this study

Field Longevity of a Fluorescent Protein Marker in an Engineered Strain of the Pink Bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)

The cotton pest, pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)), is a significant pest in most cotton-growing areas around the world. In southwestern USA and northern Mexico, pink bollworm is the target of the sterile insect technique (SIT), which relies on the mass-release of sterile pink bollworm adults to over-flood the wild population and thereby reduce it over time. Sterile moths reared for release are currently marked with a dye provided in their larval diet. There are concerns, however, that this marker fails from time to time, leading to sterile moths being misidentified in monitoring traps as wild moths. This can lead to expensive reactionary releases of sterile moths. We have developed a genetically marked strain that is engineered to express a fluorescent protein, DsRed2, which is easily screened under a specialised microscope. In order to test this marker under field conditions, we placed wild-type and genetically marked moths on traps and placed them in field cages. The moths were then screened, in a double-blind fashion, for DsRed2 fluorescence at regular intervals to determine marker reliability over time. The marker was shown to be robust in very high temperatures and generally proved reliable for a week or longer. More importantly, genotyping of moths on traps by PCR screening of the moths was 100% correct. Our findings indicate that this strain - and fluorescent protein markers in general - could make a valuable contribution to SIT

Drought and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, 2012–2016: Environmental Review and Lessons

This paper reviews environmental management and the use of science in the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta during California’s 2012–2016 drought. The review is based on available reports and data, and guided by discussions with 27 agency staff, stake-holders, and researchers. Key management actions for the drought are discussed relative to four major drought water management priorities stated by water managers: support public health and safety, control saltwater intrusion, preserve cold water in Shasta Reservoir, and maintain minimum protections for endangered species. Despite some success in streamlining communication through interagency task forces, conflicting management mandates sometimes led to confusion about priorities and actions during the drought (i.e., water delivery, the environment, etc.). This report highlights several lessons and offers suggestions to improve management for future droughts. Recommendations include use of pre-drought warnings, timely drought declarations, improved transparency and useful documentation, better scientific preparation, development of a Delta drought management plan (including preparing for salinity barriers), and improved water accounting. Finally, better environmental outcomes occur when resources are applied to improving habitat and bolstering populations of native species during inter-drought periods, well before stressful conditions occur.

Landscape quality and brownfield regeneration: a community investigation approach inspired by landscape preference studies

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