Вопросы определения экономической эффективности глубокого регулирования напряжения дальних линий электропередач

Приведена методика определения эффективности внедрения ГРН на существующих линиях. Предложена формула, которую можно использовать для определения оптимального диапазона регулирования для существующих связей при различном характере их работы

Koncept napajanja dugačkog statora linearnog motora za novu prijevoznu tehniku – ispitni poligon

The NBP (Neue Bahntechnik Paderborn) project has been established at the University of Paderborn five years ago and a test track is used for investigations on railway vehicles (shuttles) driven by linear motors. The linear drive is part of a complex mechatronic system with a modular design. The control structure of this railway system is based on the operation of autonomous shuttles which are fitted with individual power managements on board. The power supply of all track sections is decentralized, so reference values have to be sent directly from the shuttles to the local power supply units distributed along the track sections.Projekt NBP (nova prijevozna tehnika Paderborn) utemeljen je na Sveučilištu Paderborn prije pet godina, a ispitni poligon korišten je za istraživanje željezničkih vozila (u obliku kabine), pogonjenih linearnim motorima. Linearni pogon je dio složenog mehatroničkog sustava i modularne je konstrukcije. Struktura upravljanja tim željezničkim sustavom zasniva se na autonomnom pogonu kabina, koje se točno pozicioniraju individualnim vođenjem snage na priključku. Napajanje svih sekcija poligona je decentralizirano, tako da se vrijednosti referencija mogu slati direktno od kabina prema lokalnim jedinicama napajanja, koje su distribuirane uzduž poligona

Modellierung der thermischen Entwicklung von Asteroiden unter Berücksichtigung geochronologischer Daten aus Meteoriten

Es wurde ein numerisches Modell der thermischen Entwicklung von Asteroiden wie den Mutterkörpern gewöhnlicher Chondriten, einer Meteoritenklasse, entwickelt, in dem sowohl das Sintern als auch, neben 26Al, der Einfluss von 60Fe als Wärmequelle berücksichtigt wird. Das Modell wurde mittels eines genetischen Algorithmus unter Annahme des Zwiebelschalenmodells an empirische Abkühlalter von H-Chondriten angepasst, um die Parameter des H-Chondritenmutterkörpers zu bestimmen.Weiterhin wurden die Auswirkungen des Körperwachstums auf die thermische Entwicklung untersucht. Die Modelle zeigen, dass bereits wenige km groÿe poröse Planetesimale die für das Schmelzen erforderlichen Zentraltemperaturen entwickeln können. Aus der Angleichung des Modells an die H-Chondritenabkühlalter ergibt sich, dass das Zwiebelschalenmodell die thermische Entwicklungsgeschichte aller verwendeten H-Chondriten gröÿtenteils exzellent reproduziert. Die rekonstruierten Eigenschaften des Mutterkörpers sind dabei mit denen aus anderen Modellen vergleichbar. 60Fe scheint für die thermische Entwicklung des H-Chondritenmutterkörpers als Wärmequelle keine nennenswerte Rolle zu spielen. Die Untersuchung verschiedener Akkretionsdauern ergab, dass nur ein schnelles Wachstum mit der Thermochronologie der H-Chondriten verträglich zu sein scheint. Für den Fall kurzer Akkretionszeiten ist auÿerdem der Einfluss der Vorheizung in den zum Wachstum beitragenden Körpern gering. Die Verwendung der Instantanbildungsnäherung ist daher in künftigen Modellen gerechtfertigt

Faster Goal-Oriented Shortest Path Search for Bulk and Incremental Detailed Routing

We develop new algorithmic techniques for VLSI detailed routing. First, we improve the goal-oriented version of Dijkstra's algorithm to find shortest paths in huge incomplete grid graphs with edge costs depending on the direction and the layer, and possibly on rectangular regions. We devise estimates of the distance to the targets that offer better trade-offs between running time and quality than previously known methods, leading to an overall speed-up. Second, we combine the advantages of the two classical detailed routing approaches - global shortest path search and track assignment with local corrections - by treating input wires (such as the output of track assignment) as reservations that can be used at a discount by the respective net. We show how to implement this new approach efficiently

Pauschalprämienmodelle zur Finanzierung des Gesundheitswesens: Strukturparameter - Gestaltungsoptionen - Simulationen

Krankenversicherung, Pauschalprämien, Finanzierung

Kapitaldeckung in der Gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung: zur Berechnung der finanziellen Auswirkungen eines Umstiegs vom Umlage auf das Kapitaldeckungssystem

This paper presents the financial effects of a transition from the pay-as-you-go to a capital funded health insurance system in Germany. The focus of the following article will be on the financial need in different settings which are given by the difference of the spending for health care and the insurance contributions with an upper limit of 15% of the underlying assessment basis. Calculations made with a static microsimulation model based on the data of the German Socio Economic Panel Study (SOEP). In diesem Beitrag werden die fiskalischen Belastungen eines Umstiegs vom bestehenden Umlageverfahren zu einem kapitalgedeckten System in der Gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung (GKV) dargestellt. Mit Hilfe eines statischen Mikrosimulationsmodells, auf Basis der Daten des sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP), werden die Transferzahlungen berechnet, die - unter Zugrundelegung unterschiedlicher Annahmen - in einzelnen Übergangsszenarien anfallen. Ziel ist es, den Betrag zu quantifizieren, der sich aus der Differenz der Leistungsausgaben und den Beitragseinnahmen unter Berücksichtigung einer Belastungsobergrenze von 15% der Bemessungsgrundlage ergibt. Als Grundlage für einen Krankenversicherungsbeitrag mit Kapitaldeckung wird hierbei auf Kalkulationen einer Privaten Krankenversicherung zurückgegriffen. Es wird gezeigt, wie hoch das Transfervolumen wäre, um einen Übergang in die kapitalgedeckte Krankenversicherung in der GKV zu realisieren.

Cooling Technologies for High Power Density Electrical Machines for Aviation Applications

This paper is aimed at giving an overview of possible cooling technologies for electrical machines and their assessment for aviation applications, e.g., fan or propeller drives. The most important demand for aircraft is the minimization of the drive system weight comprising electrical machine, power electronics, and the cooling system. The potential of aluminum winding an overview about several cooling technologies with the Rankine or Brayton cycle or utilizing the phase change of the cooling fluid is given. As an alternative approach, the cooling structure inside the machine is studied. A very interesting potential was discovered with direct slot cooling (DSC) removing the heat where it is produced and, thus, simplifying the cooling system effort and its weight. Since it is one of the most promising approaches, this cooling method is studied in depth. Furthermore, it can also be combined with one of the cooling technologies discussed above

Soft dielectric elastomer oscillators driving bioinspired robots

Entirely soft robots with animal-like behavior and integrated artificial nervous systems will open up totally new perspectives and applications. To produce them we must integrate control and actuation in the same soft structure. Soft actuators (e.g. pneumatic, and hydraulic) exist but electronics are hard and stiff and remotely located. We present novel soft, electronicsfree dielectric elastomer oscillators, able to drive bioinspired robots. As a demonstrator we present a robot that mimics the crawling motion of the caterpillar, with integrated artificial nervous system, soft actuators and without any conventional stiff electronic parts. Supplied with an external DC voltage, the robot autonomously generates all signals necessary to drive its dielectric elastomer actuators, and translates an in-plane electromechanical oscillation into a crawling locomotion movement. Thereby, all functional and supporting parts are made of polymer materials and carbon. Besides the basic design of this first electronic-free, biomimetic robot we present prospects to control the general behavior of such robots. The absence of conventional stiff electronics and the exclusive use of polymeric materials will provide a large step towards real animal-like robots, compliant human machine interfaces and a new class of distributed, neuron-like internal control for robotic systems

Fine‐Tuning Blue‐Emitting Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals

Lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) with narrow, bright emission in the visible range are promising candidates for light-emitting applications. Near-unity quantum yields have been realized for green and red-emitting perovskites, but efficient, stable blue-emitting perovskite materials are scarce. Current methods to synthesize quantum-confined CsPbBr3 NCs with blue emission are limited to specific wavelength ranges and still suffer from inhomogeneously broadened emission profiles. Herein, anisotropic blue-green emitting CsPbBr3 NCs are synthesized in ambient atmosphere using a spontaneous crystallization method. Optical spectroscopy reveals a gradual, asymptotic photoluminescence (PL) redshift of pristine colloidal NCs after synthesis. During this process, the emission quality improves notably as the PL spectra become narrower and more symmetric, accompanied by a PL intensity increase. Electron microscopy indicates that the gradual redshift stems from an isotropic growth of the CsPbBr3 NCs in at least two dimensions, likely due to residual precursor ions in the dispersion. Most importantly, the growth process can be halted at any point by injecting an enhancement solution containing PbBr2 and organic capping ligands. Thus, excellent control over NC size is achieved, allowing for nanometer-precise tunability of the respective emission wavelength in the range between 475 and 500 nm, enhancing the functionality of these already impressive NCs