12,870 research outputs found
Protected polymorphisms and evolutionary stability of patch-selection strategies in stochastic environments
We consider a population living in a patchy environment that varies
stochastically in space and time. The population is composed of two morphs
(that is, individuals of the same species with different genotypes). In terms
of survival and reproductive success, the associated phenotypes differ only in
their habitat selection strategies. We compute invasion rates corresponding to
the rates at which the abundance of an initially rare morph increases in the
presence of the other morph established at equilibrium. If both morphs have
positive invasion rates when rare, then there is an equilibrium distribution
such that the two morphs coexist; that is, there is a protected polymorphism
for habitat selection. Alternatively, if one morph has a negative invasion rate
when rare, then it is asymptotically displaced by the other morph under all
initial conditions where both morphs are present. We refine the
characterization of an evolutionary stable strategy for habitat selection from
[Schreiber, 2012] in a mathematically rigorous manner. We provide a necessary
and sufficient condition for the existence of an ESS that uses all patches and
determine when using a single patch is an ESS. We also provide an explicit
formula for the ESS when there are two habitat types. We show that adding
environmental stochasticity results in an ESS that, when compared to the ESS
for the corresponding model without stochasticity, spends less time in patches
with larger carrying capacities and possibly makes use of sink patches, thereby
practicing a spatial form of bet hedging.Comment: Revised in light of referees' comments, Published on-line Journal of
Mathematical Biology 2014
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00285-014-0824-
Stochastic population growth in spatially heterogeneous environments: The density-dependent case
This work is devoted to studying the dynamics of a structured population that
is subject to the combined effects of environmental stochasticity, competition
for resources, spatio-temporal heterogeneity and dispersal. The population is
spread throughout patches whose population abundances are modelled as the
solutions of a system of nonlinear stochastic differential equations living on
.
We prove that , the stochastic growth rate of the total population in the
absence of competition, determines the long-term behaviour of the population.
The parameter can be expressed as the Lyapunov exponent of an associated
linearized system of stochastic differential equations. Detailed analysis shows
that if , the population abundances converge polynomially fast to a unique
invariant probability measure on , while when , the
population abundances of the patches converge almost surely to
exponentially fast. This generalizes and extends the results of Evans et al
(2014 J. Math. Biol.) and proves one of their conjectures.
Compared to recent developments, our model incorporates very general
density-dependent growth rates and competition terms. Furthermore, we prove
that persistence is robust to small, possibly density dependent, perturbations
of the growth rates, dispersal matrix and covariance matrix of the
environmental noise. Our work allows the environmental noise driving our system
to be degenerate. This is relevant from a biological point of view since, for
example, the environments of the different patches can be perfectly correlated.
As an example we fully analyze the two-patch case, , and show that the
stochastic growth rate is a decreasing function of the dispersion rate. In
particular, coupling two sink patches can never yield persistence, in contrast
to the results from the non-degenerate setting treated by Evans et al.Comment: 43 pages, 1 figure, edited according to the suggestion of the
referees, to appear in Journal of Mathematical Biolog
PENGARUH TEKNIK MEDITASI HENING TERHADAP KECEMASAN KARIR SISWA DI SMA NEGERI 1 MATTIROSOMPE KABUPATEN PINRANG
MUH. FADLY. 2014. Pengaruh Teknik Meditasi Hening Terhadap Kecemasan Karir Siswa di SMA Negeri 1 Mattirosompe Kabupaten Pinrang. Skripsi. Dibimbing oleh Prof. Dr. H. Alimuddin Mahmud, M.Pd dan Dra. Hj. Kustiah Sunarty, M.Pd. Jurusan Psikologi Pendidikan dan Bimbingan Fakultas Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Negeri Makassar.
Masalah utama dalam penelitian ini adalah kecemasan karir siswa dengan pengaruh teknik meditasi hening. Adapun rumusan masalah penelitian ini yaitu: (1) Bagaimana pelaksanaan teknik meditasi hening terhadap kecemasan karir siswa di SMA Negeri 1 Mattirosompe Kabupaten Pinrang? (2) Bagaimana tingkat kecemasan karir siswa di SMA Negeri 1 Mattirosompe Kabupaten Pinrang sebelum dan setelah diberikan teknik meditasi hening? (3) Apakah teknik meditasi hening berpengaruh terhadap kecemasan karir siswa di SMA Negeri 1 Mattirosompe Kabupaten Pinrang?. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui: (1) Pelaksanaan teknik meditasi hening terhadap kecemasan karir siswa di SMA Negeri 1 Mattirosompe Kabupaten Pinrang. (2) Tingkat kecemasan karir siswa di SMA Negeri 1 Mattirosompe Kabupaten Pinrang sebelum dan setelah diberikan teknik meditasi hening. (3) Pengaruh teknik meditasi hening terhadap kecemasan karir siswa di SMA Negeri 1 Mattirosompe Kabupaten Pinrang. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kuantitatif. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian eksperimen menggunakan pre-post eksperimental design. Dan desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah one group pretest-posttest design. Penelitian dilakukan di SMA Negeri 1 Mattirosompe Kabupaten Pinrang dengan jumlah 16 responden. Pada penelitian ini perlakuan yang diberi berupa teknik meditasi hening untuk mengetahui apakah teknik tersebut dapat mengurangi tingkat kecemasan karir siswa. Instrumen pengukuran yang digunakan berupa angket dan observasi. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis deskriptif dan analisis Wilcoxon Signed Rank test (Z). Hasil penelitian ini adalah: (1) Pelaksanaan teknik meditasi hening terdiri atas empat kegiatan latihan yaitu merilekskan setengah badan bagian atas, mengatur pernapasan, merilekskan badan bagian bawah dan merilekskan badan bagian atas dan bawah. (2) Tingkat kecemasan karir siswa di SMA Negeri 1 Mattirosompe Kabupaten Pinrang sebelum pemberian teknik meditasi hening berada pada kategori tinggi, dan setelah pemberian teknik meditasi hening berada pada kategori sedang. (3) Teknik meditasi hening dapat berpengaruh untuk mengurangi tingkat kecemasan karir siswa di SMA Negeri 1 Mattirosompe Kabupaten Pinrang
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