Potential of Self-reliant Lifestyle for a Single House in Housing Development Projects

This paper is based on the research “The Study of Physical Potential of a Single House in Phitsanulok’s Housing Development Projects for Supporting a Self-reliant Lifestyle” which surveyed and study the physical ability of single houses in Phitsanulok’s housing development projects. Samples were taken mainly in the Amphor Muang district (urban district) of Phitsanulok province to evaluate self-reliant level of the housing majority. The self-reliance concept developed in the study is taken from the framework of the Philosophy of Sufficiency Economy and Sustainable Development. Investigations are focused on food (herbs, fruit, and vegetables), water, and energy. The results show that the majority of single houses in Phitsanulok have a high level of self-reliance. Most houses can produce about 100% of food requirement (herbs, fruit, and vegetables). Rainwater collection can be harvested for use up to 81% of water required for the out-of-house use. In energy category, the Low-user households (6 kWh/day) can produce more than 100% of their electricity needed from the PVs on the rooftop. At least, about half of energy requirement can be produced for the intermediate-higher user (18.5 kWh/day). Moreover, a family practicing self-reliance can save up to 8,500 Baht/year

The Effects of Raw Rice Husk and Rice Husk Ash on the Strength and Durability of Adobe Bricks

Adobe houses are an important form of housing among many low income communities in developing countries. Unfortunately one drawback of adobe bricks is that their strength and durability against water are poor, which can lead to material deterioration and structural collapse. To improve the properties of adobe, the soil used to build bricks is sometimes stabilized with either natural or artificial additives. Rice husk is a natural additive commonly used in both raw and ash form as a stabilizer for several masonry materials due to its pozzolanic property. This study investigates and compares the influence of Raw Rice Husk (RRH) and heap burned Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as stabilizers on the compressive strength, stability, water absorption and volumetric shrinkage of adobe specimens. Whether the stabilizer was RRH or RHA, these materials were used in the proportion of 2% of dry weight of soil. Results showed significantly improved performance for the specimens containing RRH, but none for the RHA. This suggests that the excessive burning temperature in heap reduced the cementation properties of RHA. Based on these results, the study concludes that the application of raw rice husk as a stabilizer is more effective than heap burned rice husk ash for the construction of local adobe houses in areas affected by flood and rain

Influence of the scattering potential model on low energy electron diffraction from Cu(001)−c(2 × 2)-Pb

A dynamical LEED intensity analysis is reported for Cu(001)−c(2 × 2)-Pb. The adsorbate layer distance from the substrate is determined as 2.29 Å, and the topmost interlayer spacing for the substrate is the same as in bulk Cu, in contrast to a contraction for clean Cu(001). This structural result is, within the accuracy reached, insensitive to changes in the assumed scattering potential models. The r-factors suggest a weak preference for an energy-dependent exchange correlation and a moderate one for adding a localized adsorption part inside the muffin-tin spheres. The sensitivity of spectra and r-factors to changes in the assumed isotropic Debye temperature for Pb suggests that vibrational anisotropy should be taken into account in order to improve the accuracy of the analysis. Calculated spin polarization spectra are very sensitive to the exchange approximation, the localized absorption and the Debye temperature. Together with experimental data, they should be useful in particular for determining the vibrational anisotropy

Studies in LEED crystallography

This thesis is involved with the use of low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) for determining the geometrical structures of well-characterized surfaces of single crystals. Specific applications are to surfaces of rhodium, both clean and when containing adsorbed species. A preliminary problem concerned discrepancies reported previously in the details of the geometrical structures for the clean (100) and (111) surfaces when using rhodium potentials from either a band structure calculation or from the linear superposition of charge density procedure for a metal cluster. A correction has now been made in the calculation of phase shifts for the band structure potential, and reinvestigations of the (100), (110) and (111) surface of rhodium with this potential resolve the discrepancies. These results now support the suggestion, as shown previously in this laboratory for Cu(lll), that the superposition potential provides a good approximation to a band structure potential for the purpose of LEED crystallography. In the structural determinations made here, the degree of correspondence between intensity versus energy curves for different beams from experiment and from multiple-scattering calculations were assessed with the reliability-index r[sub= r] proposed by Zanazzi and Jona. A new aspect considered involved the use of this index for determining the non-structural parameters required in the multiple-scattering calculations. Included in the latter for Rh(lll) are variations of the imaginary part of the constant potential (V[sub= oi]) between the muffin-tin spheres and the surface Debye temperature (θ[sub= D,surf]). Structural conclusions from r[sub r] are compared with visual analyses wherever possible, and this work generally supports the use of the Zanazzi-Jona index in LEED crystallography. The experimental part of this study involved the (100) and (110) surfaces of rhodium. A series of diffraction patterns were observed for the chemi-sorption of 0₂ and H₂S. Intensity versus energy curves were measured for the available diffracted beams for the surface structures designated Rh(100)-(3xl)-0, Rh(100)-p(2x2)-S and Rh(110)-c(2x2)-S. The latter two systems were analyzed by multiple-scattering calculations (using the renormalized forward scattering and layer-doubling methods) and surface structures determined. In each case S atoms adsorb on the centre sites; on Rh(100) S bonds to four neighbouring Rh atoms at a distance of 2.30 Å (very close to the Pauling single-bond value 2.29 Å), and on Rh(110) each S atom is 2.12 Å from the Rh atom directly below in the second layer and 2.45 Å from the four neighbouring Rh atoms in the top metallic layer. An investigation was also made for the use in LEED crystallography of the quasidynamical method recently proposed by Van Hove and Tong. This scheme includes interlayer multiple-scattering properly, but neglects multiple-scattering within individual layers, and has the potential for considerable savings in computing time and core storage. This method was investigated for the clean and sulphur-adsorbed (100) and (110) surfaces, and results compared with the more-complete multiple-scattering methods. The quasi-dynamical method appears to have some promise for making initial selections of the most significant trial structures prior to the more-detailed testing with full multiple-scattering calculations.Science, Faculty ofChemistry, Department ofGraduat

A Mixed-use House and Its Ability to Support Selfreliant Lifestyle

This paper is based on the research “The physicalpotential of a row house and town house in Phitsanulok tosupport a self-reliant lifestyle as guided by the Philosophy ofSufficiency Economy”. The research surveyed and studied thephysical ability of row houses and town houses in urban areas.Based on the series of former researches on self-reliant of severaltypes of existing houses, this research continues to study a mixedusebuilding of row house and town house. The research actuallyexpects to get a result that shows low level of self-reliant in allbasic categories. However, not only surpluses can be found fromproduction in both energy and water for gardening, it has alsoproven to be able to produce enough vegetable to comfortablysatisfy a family with two people on its available open areas. Thefindings of this research put into focus the ability of a row houseand town house of being a great mixed-use building, not only forliving, working, but also producing life’s essentials as well

Housing for Low-income Households in Thailand and its Potential for Self-reliant Lifestyle

This paper is based on the research “The potential of Eua-Arthorn housing project to support a self-reliant lifestyle as guided by the Philosophy of Sufficiency Economy: A housing development recommendation for a better living for all”. The research surveyed and studied the physical ability of Baan Eua-Arthorn housing project that developed by the National Housing Authority for low-income households. Baan Eua-Arthorn projects are mainly located within the urban area for easy access to the city. Based on the former research of single houses of housing development projects mainly developed by private sectors, this research continues to study the location in Phitsanulok’s urban area, but from a low-income household point of view. Comparing to the former research, the ability of self-reliant seems more important to lower-income households than others. However, the state’s housing development seems to have fewer interests in this aspect, resulting in a house with only one-third of the usual land plot of the private’s housing development projects. Therefore, each family will have to move beyond the boundary of the house to the communal spaces to gain enough area for food production. Hence, the idea of self-reliance will only be possible at a community level and cooperation of the community will be a key to the success